Английская Википедия:Colonization of China
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Colonization of China may refer to:
- Chinese expansionism and Sinicization over the millennia by the dynasties of China, Republic of China, People's Republic of China, or Taiwan.
- Conquest dynasties established by non-Han Chinese such as the Yuan or Qing (list below.)
- Colonization by Western powers, Japan, and the Russian Empire/Soviet Union, especially foreign concessions in China by in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Three of these survived after the Chinese Civil War. A list is below.- Portuguese Macau, 1557-1999.
- British Hong Kong 1841-1941, 1945-1997.
- Russian/Soviet Chinese Eastern Railway headquartered in Harbin, 1896-1952.
- Japanese Empire in China from 1895-1945 from the First Sino-Japanese War to the Second Sino-Japanese War, most notably:
- Taiwan under Japanese rule, 1895-1945.
- Manchukuo — Manchu puppet state, 1931-1945.
- Mengjiang — Mongol puppet state, 1939-1945.
- Provisional Government of the Republic of China — Han Chinese puppet state, 1937-1940.
- Reformed Government of the Republic of China — Han Chinese puppet state, 1938-1940.
- Wang Jingwei regime — Han Chinese puppet state under the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 1940-1945.
- Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, 1941-1945.
List of non-Han Chinese dynasties
This list includes only the major dynasties of China ruled by non-Han ethnicities, there were many other such dynastic regimes that ruled an area historically or currently associated with "China" not shown in this list. Also, not all non-Han regimes are seen as conquest dynasties, and many of them are actually considered as "infiltration dynasties".
List of Western, Russian/Soviet, and Japanese concessions
| Country | Concession | Location (modern name) | Year established | Year dissolved | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| International | Shanghai International Settlement | Shanghai | 1863 | 1945 | Formed from the British and American concessions. It was initially ruled by: Austria-Hungary, Denmark, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway-Sweden, Portugal, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. |
| Beijing Legation Quarter | Beijing | 1861 | 1945 | Covering some 3 acres and including 11 foreign embassies, the entire Legation Quarter was considered foreign sovereign ground and was off limits for Chinese citizens who were not allowed to take up residency within the legation grounds | |
| Kulangsu International Settlement | Xiamen | 1903 | 1945 | On January 10, 1902, the consuls of Great Britain, the United States, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden-Norway, Japan and other eight countries signed the "Gulangyu delimitation charter" in the Kulangyu Japanese Consulate. Subsequently, in January 1903, the Kulangsu International Settlement Municipal Council was established | |
| Austria-Hungary | Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin | Tianjin | 1902 | 1917 | |
| Belgium | Belgian concession of Tianjin | Tianjin | 1902 | 1931 | [4] |
| France | Kwang-Chou-Wan[5] | Zhanjiang | 1898 | 1946 | [5] |
| French Concession of Shanghai | Shanghai | 1849 | 1946 | ||
| French Concession of Shamian Island, Guangzhou | Guangzhou | 1861 | 1946 | ||
| French concession of Hankou | Hankou | 1896 | 1946 | ||
| French concession of Tianjin | Tianjin | 1861 | 1946 | ||
| French Railway, Kunming | Kunming | 1904 | 1940 | After the French, WWII saw a significant influx of American troops. | |
| Germany | Kiautschou Bay leased territory | Qingdao | 1898 | 1914 | |
| German concession of Hankou | Hankou | 1895 | 1917 | ||
| German concession of Tianjin | Tianjin | 1895 | 1917 | ||
| Italy | Italian concession of Tianjin | Tianjin | 1901 | 1947 | [6] |
| Italian Concession of Shanghai | Shanghai | 1902 | 1943 | [7] | |
| Italian Concession of Amoy | Amoy | 1902 | 1943 | [8] | |
| Japan | Kwantung Leased Territory/South Manchuria Railway Zone | Dalian | 1905 | 1945 | Obtained from Russia. |
| Kiautschou Bay leased territory in Shandong Peninsula | Qingdao | 1914 | 1922 | Acquisition from Germany was acknowledged by China in 1915, concession was held until 1922,[9] ceded to China in Washington Naval Treaty.[10] | |
| Japanese concession of Tianjin | Tianjin | 1898 | 1945 | Kept by Japan until WWII capitulation. | |
| Japanese concession of Hankou | Hankou | 1898 | 1945 | Kept by Japan until WWII capitulation. | |
| Japanese concession of Chongqing | Chongqing | 1897 | 1937 | Abandoned at outbreak of Second Sino-Japanese War.[11] | |
| Japanese concession of Suzhou | Suzhou | 1897 | 1943 | [12] | |
| Japanese concession of Hangzhou | Hangzhou | 1897 | 1943 | [12] | |
| Japanese concession of Shashi | Shashi | 1898 | 1943 | [12] | |
| Russia, Soviet Union |
Russian Dalian | Dalian | 1898; 1945 | 1905; 1950 | [13] Re-occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945–1950.[14] |
| Russian concession of Tianjin | Tianjin | 1900 | 1924 | ||
| Russian concession of Hankou | Hankou | 1896 | 1924 | [15] | |
| Chinese Eastern Railway, Harbin | Harbin | 1896 | 1952 | Re-occupied by the Soviet Union after the 1929 Sino-Soviet conflict.[16] Railway was returned in 1952.[17] | |
| Port Arthur | Lüshunkou District | 1895 | 1905 | Acquired from Japan in Triple Intervention, lost in Russo-Japanese War. | |
| Russian concession of Liaodong Peninsula | Liaodong | 1898 | 1905 | Included Port Arthur | |
| United Kingdom | New Territories,Шаблон:Cn Hong Kong | Hong Kong | 1898 | 1997 | |
| Weihaiwei leased territoryШаблон:Cn | Weihai | 1898 | 1930 | Liugong Island remained under British control as a separate territory until 1940 | |
| Liugong Island | Weihai | 1930 | 1940 | Formerly part of Weihaiwei leased territory since 1898[18] | |
| British concession of Tianjin | Tianjin | 1860 | 1945 | ||
| British concession of Hankou | Hankou | 1861 | 1927 | ||
| British Concession of Jiujiang | Jiujiang | 1861 | 1929 | ||
| British concession of Zhenjiang | Zhenjiang | 1861 | 1929 | ||
| British concession of Shamian Island, Guangzhou | Guangzhou | 1861 | 1945 | ||
| British concession of Amoy | Xiamen | 1852 | 1930 | ||
| British concession of Dalian | Dalian | 1858 | 1860 | ||
| British concession of Shanghai | Shanghai | 1846 | 1863 | Merged to form Shanghai International Settlement | |
| Trading warehouses at Tengchong (Tengyue) | Yunnan | Late 19th/early 20th century. | Still standing, with bullet holes. British diplomat Augustus Margary was murdered here in 1875. Consulate built 1921. | ||
| United States | American concession of Shanghai | Shanghai | 1848 | 1863 | Merged to form Shanghai International Settlement |
| American concession of Tianjin | Tianjin | 1860 | 1902 | Merged to form British concession in Tianjin |
References
- ↑ An Lushan's father was of Sogdian and his mother was of Göktürk origin.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite wikisource Considering the father was originally called Nieliji without a surname, the fact that his patrilineal ancestors all had Chinese names here indicates that these names were probably all created posthumously after Shi Jingtang became a "Chinese" emperor. Shi Jingtang actually claimed to be a descendant of Chinese historical figures Shi Que and Shi Fen, and insisted that his ancestors went westwards towards non-Han Chinese area during the political chaos at the end of the Han dynasty in the early 3rd century.
- ↑ According to Old History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 99, and New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 10. Liu Zhiyuan was of Shatuo origin. According to Wudai Huiyao, vol. 1 Liu Zhiyuan's great-great-grandfather Liu Tuan (劉湍) (titled as Emperor Mingyuan posthumously, granted the temple name of Wenzu) descended from Liu Bing (劉昞), Prince of Huaiyang, a son of Emperor Ming of Han
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ The concession was commercial (Italy’s Encounters with Modern China: Imperial Dreams, Strategic Ambitions
- ↑ The concession was commercial (M. Marinelli. "Italy’s Encounters with Modern China: Imperial Dreams, Strategic Ambitions")
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
