Английская Википедия:Colpocephalum

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Automatic taxobox

Colpocephalum is a genus of chewing louse.[1] Christian Ludwig Nitzsch named the genus in 1818. The Plenary Powers of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature selected Colpocephalum zebra Шаблон:Small as its type species in the 1950s. There are approximately 135 species in this genus, and they are ectoparasites of birds in at least a dozen different orders.

Taxonomic history and the type species

Файл:Redi Exp. Tab 11 Pulices avis Pluvialis.png
Redi's 1671 plate. Nitzsch gave the name L. (C.) ochraceum to the species illustrated on the top.

Colpocephalum was circumscribed by Christian Ludwig Nitzsch in 1818. Nitzsch classified this taxon as a subgenus of the genus Liotheum. He included four species, which in his taxonomy were called L. (C.) zebra, L. (C.) flavescens, L. (C.) subaequale, and L. (C.) ochraceum.[2] The first three species were nomina nuda; only the last was accompanied with an indication to a previously-published illustration, namely a 17th-century illustration by Francesco Redi.[3][4] He wrote the indication as "Pulex avis pluvialis Redi exp. fig. sup."[2] In order to keep this name valid, Theresa Clay and George Henry Evans Hopkins restricted Carl Linnaeus's 1758 name Pediculus charadrii to only the bottom figure of Redi's plate.[5][6] Strictly applying the ICZN Code, the type species should have been Liotheum (Colpocephalum) ochraceum, as it was the only available name included in the original circumscription.[7]Шаблон:Rp

However, in 1906, Louis Georges Neumann designated "Liotheum (Colpocephalum) zebra Шаблон:Small" as the type species for this taxon instead.[8] Other phthirapterists followed Neumann's designation. In 1948, Hopkins petitioned the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) to officially allow this species to remain the genus's type species instead of "Liotheum (Colpocephalum) ochraceum; this was published in 1951.[9][7]Шаблон:Rp Hopkins also notes that L. (C.) ochraceum is congeneric with Colpocephalum uniseriatum Шаблон:Small, the type species of Actornithophilus, which would further complicate the situation.[7]Шаблон:Rp As the species C. zebra only became valid with Hermann Burmeister's species description of Colpocephalum zebra in 1838,[10][7]Шаблон:Rp he requested that the Plenary Powers of the ICZN designate Colpocephalum zebra Шаблон:Small as the type species of Colpocephalum in order to "avoid disastrous confusion."[7]Шаблон:Rp

Prior to petitioning the ICZN, Hopkins asked other experts in Mallophaga for their opinion on this matter. He received support from W. Büttiker, T. Clay, W. Eichler, Шаблон:Ill, Шаблон:Ill, W. J. Jellison, S. v. Kéler, R. Meinertzhagen, E. O'Mahony, G. B. Thompson and F. L. Werneck; he received opposition from J. Bequaert and J. E. Webb, who both opposed the use of Plenary Powers in general.[9]Шаблон:Rp Later support came from Ernst Mayr.[11][7]Шаблон:Rp In 1952, the ICZN voted 17 to 0 in favor of Hopkins's proposal. The members of the commission who voted affirmatively were, in the order their ballots were received, N. D. Riley, E. M. Hering, W. T. Calman, J. R. Dymond, Шаблон:Ill, P. B. Bonnet, H. E. Vokes, A. do Amaral, J. Pearson, J. C. Bradley, F. Hemming, T. Esaki, H. Lemche, R. Mertens, Á. Cabrera, N. R. Stoll, and H. Boschma. A ballot was not received from T. Jaczewski, the remaining member of the commission.[7]Шаблон:Rp The decision was published as part of Opinion 342 in 1955.[7]

Biology

Species in this genus parasitize birds of at least 13 orders, including: Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

Шаблон:External media

Colpocephalum species are examples of "rapid running l[ice]".[25] C. turbinatum, an ectoparasite of various birds including the Galápagos hawk,[26][16]Шаблон:Rp has been described as "highly mobile".[27] Due to their speed, they can easily escape a bird trying to remove them through preening; this allows them to inhabit birds' breast, anal, and back regions, where slower lice would be readily removed.[25]

Colpocephalum species eat feathers; pigeons with large infestations of C. turbinatum can have almost all of their vent region feathers' fluff eaten.[28] High numbers of Colpocephalum can also damage a pigeon's flight feathers and decrease their flying power.[29] Colpocephalum lice can live within flight feathers' quills.[30][29] In addition to eating feathers, C. turbinatum consume their hosts' skin.[31] Adults of this species have also been reported to engage in cannibalism in laboratory colonies, eating their own eggs and up to 80% of their nymphs.[32]

Species

The genus has approximately 135 species, including:[1] Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Шаблон:Taxonbar

Партнерские ресурсы
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Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок phthiraptera.info не указан текст
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Nitzsch, 1818 не указан текст
  3. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Redi, 1668 не указан текст
  4. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Redi, 1671 не указан текст
  5. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Clay et al., 1950 не указан текст
  6. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Clay et al., 1960 не указан текст
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 7,5 7,6 7,7 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Hemming, 1955 не указан текст
  8. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Neumann, 1906 не указан текст
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Hopkins, 1951 не указан текст
  10. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Burmeister, 1838 не указан текст
  11. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Mayr, 1951 не указан текст
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Price et al., 1965 не указан текст
  14. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Naz et al., 2012 не указан текст
  15. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Price, 1968b не указан текст
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Price et al., 1963b не указан текст
  17. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Price et al., 1964 не указан текст
  18. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Price, 1968 не указан текст
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  20. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Price, 1967 не указан текст
  21. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Price et al., 1974 не указан текст
  22. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Price, 1964 не указан текст
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  24. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Price et al., 1963a не указан текст
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Peters, 1928 не указан текст
  26. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Palma et al., 2013 не указан текст
  27. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Whiteman et al., 2007 не указан текст
  28. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Nelson et al., 1971 не указан текст
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Naz et al., 2010 не указан текст
  30. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Durden et al., 2009 не указан текст
  31. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Parker et al., 2006 не указан текст
  32. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Nelson, 1971 не указан текст
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