Английская Википедия:Comité des forges
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox organization The Comité des forges (Foundry Committee) was an organization of leaders of the French iron and steel industry from 1864 to 1940, when it was dissolved by the Vichy government. It typically took a protectionist attitude on trade issues, and was opposed to social legislation that would increase costs. At times it was influential, particularly during World War I (1914–18), and the Left often viewed it with justified suspicion. However the Comité des forges always suffered from divisions among its members, and the government often ignored its advice.
Foundation
In 1850 the French iron masters created an Assemblée Générale des Maîtres de Forges de France, under the presidency of Léon Talabot (1796–1863) head of Denain-Anzin. At the end of the year it took the name of Comité des Maîtres de Forges. In 1855 Talabot assumed the title of president of the Comité des Forges. In 1860 Talabot also became president of a new Association for the Defense of National Labor, which was opposed to lowering of tariffs.Шаблон:Sfn
What would become the Comité des forges was founded at a meeting on 15 February 1864, with representatives of foundries that produced over 20,000 tonnes of pig iron or 15,000 tonnes of steel annually.Шаблон:Sfn The Committee had the goals of managing relations between the industry and government, promoting exports and coordinating prices.Шаблон:Sfn Eugène Schneider (1805–75) was the first President and Jules Hochet (1813–67) was chosen as vice-president. There were ten members, each representing a region: Benoist d'Azy (Gard), de Bouchaud (Loire), Dupont-Dreyfus (Moselle), Germain (Commentry), Hamoir (Sambre), Hochet (Berry), Schneider (Le Creusot), Strohl (Franche-Comté), Waternau (Nord-Escaut), de Wendel (Hayange). The Committee was to meet four times annually.Шаблон:Sfn
Early years
From the start, the Comité des forges intervened with the government to influence tariffs and social policies.Шаблон:Sfn The Committee also played an important role in defining production quotas and allocating markets.Шаблон:Sfn It was secretive, and this gave it a reputation for having great influence. However, the members often disagreed with each other, and the government often ignored its requests.Шаблон:Sfn The Comité des forges was always handicapped by divisions between the members from the center, the north and the east of the country.Шаблон:Sfn For example, Charles de Wendel of Hayange in Lorraine resented the control of the committee exerted by Schneider of Le Creusot in Burgundy.Шаблон:Sfn In the early years the leading participants could not come to agreement on any meaningful action.Шаблон:Sfn
It was not until 1880, when French metallurgy was in crisis, that the Comité des forges began to meet regularly. In 1886 it voted to undertake a program to regulate production and markets. Components included an allocation to each member of part of the domestic market, a uniform way to classify and price iron and steel, penalties for over-production and a fund to encourage exports.Шаблон:Sfn The Comité des Forges reorganized itself under the new law on syndicats in 1887, and gave itself a constitution. It was democratic in theory, but in practice the largest companies had control. The Board of Directors (Commission de direction) had wide powers and disposed of the sizeable central funds.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1891 representatives of the Comité des forges gave full support for the risque professionnel principle under which the employers should pay for insurance of victims of workplace accidents, with benefit amounts to be defined by law.Шаблон:Sfn After the moderate Méline tariff of 1892 effectively shut out foreign competition from the French steel market, the Comité des forges evolved into an efficient moderate lobbying organization with full-time employees and direct access to senior civil servants and politicians. It participated in legislative decisions and in drafting bills.Шаблон:Sfn In 1896 Maurice (Henri?) Pinget was secretary of the Comité des forges and Baron René Reille, a Deputy, was President. Henri Schneider of Creusot was vice-president.Шаблон:Sfn After Reille's death in 1898 Robert de Wendel was elected president after some resistance. He owned properties in France and Lorraine, then part of Germany, and this raised some questions.Шаблон:Sfn
Robert Pinot was appointed secretary general in 1904.Шаблон:Sfn The Comité des Forges had become dormant, but Pinot soon brought it back to being the leading heavy industry organization.Шаблон:Sfn From 1906 to 1910 the Comité des forges was active in shaping the laws that gave workers a weekly day of rest, ensuring the regulations recognized that workers had to operate blast furnaces that ran around the clock seven days a week.Шаблон:Sfn
During debates over tariffs in 1909–10 Pinot argued for protection on the basis of the importance of the iron and steel industry to national defense and the difficulty it faced in competing with foreign firms that had lower costs and greater access to skilled labor.Шаблон:Sfn The Comité des forges included engineering firms that purchased steel and were not in favor of high duties, but Pinot managed to maintain solidarity through a complex system of cartels and syndicates. The Comité des Forges was attacked by the Left, which threatened nationalization, and failed to get political support for a policy to promote national industrial development, reduce regulation and resist socialist demands for labor laws that would drive up costs.Шаблон:Sfn
World War I
During World War I (1914–18) the common interests of the armaments industry were represented by the Comité des Forges and the Chambre syndicale des fabrications de matériel de guerre, both dominated by heavy industry.Шаблон:Sfn Charles François Laurent succeeded Florent Guillain (1844–1915) as president of the Comité des forges.Шаблон:Sfn Robert Pinot continued to serve as secretary general of the CFF under Laurent, as he did under Laurent's successor Gabriel Cordier.Шаблон:Sfn Léon Alphonse Lévy (1851–1925), director of the Société des forges de Châtillon-Commentry-Neuves-Maisons, was a vice-president of the Comité des Forges and president of the Chambre syndicale.Шаблон:Sfn
The war economy was organized as a cartel of the great armament firms, coordinated by the Comité des Forges.Шаблон:Sfn The Committee was responsible for buying coal in London and supervising sales of steel abroad.Шаблон:Sfn In May 1916 the Comité des forges obtained a monopoly over import of pig iron from Great Britain.Шаблон:Sfn The state sometimes saw the war industry as a partner, sometimes as a competitor for power, and at times tried to deal directly with individual industrialists and bypass the Comité des Forges.Шаблон:Sfn
The industry profited from the lack of social rights of mobilized workers, who had been called up for the army and then assigned to industry, and paid wages below pre-war levels despite the boom in business and the rising prices. In 1915 it demanded compulsory assignment of civilian workers to prevent them leaving their jobs to accept better pay elsewhere. The Comité des Forges proposed to compensate for low wages by a generous distribution of medals (the Médaille du Travail) for particularly conscientious workers. The government rejected compulsory assignment for all workers, but maintained the special status of mobilized workers. This was important for firms like Le Creusot, where 55% of the 20,000 workers were mobilized workers in June 1917.Шаблон:Sfn
Towards the end of the war, study groups under Humbert de Wendel, brother of François de Wendel, requested a postwar settlement in which the Saar would be ceded, Alsace-Lorraine returned to France and Luxembourg transferred from the German customs union to a new union with Belgium. The Comité des Forges wanted to keep German steel producers out of French markets, while maintaining free access to German markets from the Lorraine producers.Шаблон:Sfn During the war, the scarcity of steel enhanced the power of the Committee. By the end of the war it was running a system of steel producer levies and subsidies to counterbalance differences in costs between the producers, and this system continued for a short time after the Armistice of 11 November 1918.Шаблон:Sfn
Inter-war period
When censorship was relaxed after the war there were bitter complaints against the Comité des forges within and outside Parliament. It was said that the Comité des forges had allowed France to fall behind in industrialization before the war, and that the Comité des forges had colluded with the army to prevent bombing of the French steel works in the Briey region that had been taken by the Germans early in the war. The general secretary Robert Pinot defended himself and the steel masters, but the suspicion lingered and the Comité des Forges was attacked by the Left throughout the years that followed.Шаблон:Sfn A shift of power within heavy manufacturing was underway during the interwar years as new industries such as car and airplane manufacture grew in importance, often with interests in conflict with the steel makers.Шаблон:Sfn
In December 1918 the Comité des forges created the Comptoir sidérurgique de France, which allocated quotas to members of the steel cartel.Шаблон:Sfn During the war the government had run the National Coal Bureau with a system under which small steel producers who could not get cheap domestic coal were subsidized in buying more expensive imports. After the war the Comité des forges president François de Wendel asked that this function be transferred to a consortium organized by the Committee. The small producers were opposed to this measure, which seemed likely to confirm the advantage of the large companies.Шаблон:Sfn In 1923 the Comité des forges asked for either a customs barrier between the Ruhr and Germany so that the French steel producers could get cheaper coal than the Germans, or else a takeover of the German coal mines, which would be leased to the French steel producers.Шаблон:Sfn
In the post-war period the Union des industries et métiers de la métallurgie (UIMM) acted in effect as the instrument of the Comité des forges for handling social issues.Шаблон:Sfn In 1919 Robert Pinot was secretary of both organizations.Шаблон:Sfn In 1921 Pinot asked Francois de Wendel to make him a vice-president of the Comité des forges. Although Pinot was committed and efficient, he had a tendency to take credit for the Committee's actions. He was an employee rather than an owner, and de Wendel made it clear he would only be the most junior of five vice-presidents, with no prospect of becoming president.Шаблон:Sfn During and immediately after the war there was tension within the UIMM when the engineering industry challenged the dominance of the Comité des forges, but the steel interests won the battle. The UIMM provided logistic support to the Confédération générale de la production française (CGPF), the general employers association, with the result that the CGPF was accused of being simply a puppet of the steel industry.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1923 the Société d'études et d'informations économiques, formed by the Comité des forges, published studies by the economist Paul de Rousiers defending "good" agreements.Шаблон:Sfn In the 1930s the Comité des forges continued to publish the Bulletin de la société d'études et d'information, edited by Émile Mireaux then by Jacques Bardoux.Шаблон:Sfn During the 1930s, on many subjects it was hard to get agreement among the members.Шаблон:Sfn The interests of large firms often clashed with those of smaller firms, firms that produced for the state clashed with firms that wanted lower state spending and lower taxes, firms that consumed coal clashed with the coal mines. At times the Comité des forges was reduced to preparing alternative policy proposals for a single issue.Шаблон:Sfn Talking of meetings of the committee, one participant said "We splutter and argue, conversations go on for ever and everyone talks at the same time."Шаблон:Sfn
The Comité des forges helped finance the right wing Faisceau, Redressement Français and Croix-de-Feu groups via intermediaries such as Pierre Pucheu.Шаблон:Sfn In 1936 Alexandre Lambert-Ribot, secretary general of the Comité des forges, signed the Matignon Agreements to end the general strike that followed election of the Popular Front.Шаблон:Sfn The Matignon Agreements forced a change in the leadership of the CGPF employer's organization, renamed the Confédération générale du patronat français (CGPF), but this was approved by the heavy industrialists, There were, for example, close links between Pierre Nicolle of the CGPF and François de Wendel.Шаблон:Sfn
Dissolution
Under the Vichy regime the Comité des forges was dissolved by decree on 9 November 1940.Шаблон:Sfn It was replaced by the Comité d'organisation de la sidérurgie (CORSID – Organizing Committee for the Iron and Steel Industry).Шаблон:Sfn The only member of the Comité des forges to be appointed to CORSID was Léon Daum of the Compagnie des forges et aciéries de la marine et d'Homécourt.Шаблон:Sfn The Commission générale was created in 1941, with similar membership to the Comité des forges: five members were removed and three added.Шаблон:Sfn Alfred Lambert-Ribot (1886–1967), secretary-general of the Committee until the end, was one of those removed, presumably because of the way he had criticized the Vichy regime after it took power.Шаблон:Sfn The commission had a consultative role, but Jules Aubrun and the other CORSID members now coordinated the steel industry. The significant change was to pass control from the presidents of the largest steelworks to senior managers of second-ranked steelworks.Шаблон:Sfn
Notable members
Notable members of the Comité des forges included:Шаблон:Sfn
| Name | Position | Years | Company |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eugène Schneider (1805–75) | President | 1864–68 | Schneider-Creusot |
| Adrien de Montgolfier-Verpilleux (1831–1913) | President | 1880 | Compagnie des forges et aciéries de la marine et d'Homécourt |
| René Reille (1835–1898) | President | 1890–98 | Compagnie minière de Carmaux, Deputy of Tarn |
| Robert de Wendel (1847–1903) | President | 1898–1903 | Hayange, Moyeuvre-Grande and Stiring-Wendel |
| Robert de Nervo (1842–1909) | President | 1903 | Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire |
| Florent Guillain (1844–1915) | President | 1904–15 | Marine-Homécourt, Deputy of Nord, Minister of the Colonies |
| Charles Laurent (1856–1939) | President | 1915–20 | Compagnie Francaise Thomson-Houston |
| François de Wendel (1874–1949) | President | 1918–40 | Wendel et Cie, Deputy of Lorraine |
| Robert Pinot (1862–1926) | Secretary General | 1904 | Union des industries et métiers de la métallurgie |
| Alfred Lambert-Ribot (1886–1967) | Secretary General | –1940 | |
| Léon Alphonse Lévy (1851–1925) | Vice President | 1891 | Société des forges de Châtillon-Commentry-Neuves-Maisons |
| Léopold Pralon (1855–1938) | Vice President | 1904 | Société de Denain et d'Anzin |
| Théodore Laurent (1863–1953) | Vice President | Шаблон:Circa | |
| Fernand de Saintignon (1846–1921) | Management committee | 1881 | F. de Saintignon et Cie |
| Armand Resimont (1847–1917) | Management committee | 1887 | Société du Nord et de l'Est |
| Fayol, Henri (1841–1926) | Management committee | 1900 | Société de Commentry, Fourchambault et Decazeville |
| Georges Rolland (1852–1910) | Management committee | 1903 | Société des aciéries de Longwy |
| Camille Cavallier (1854–1926) | Management committee | Pont-à-Mousson iron works | |
| Auguste Dondelinger (1876–1940) | Management committee | 1923 | Société Métallurgique de Senelle-Maubeuge |
| Jules Aubrun (1881–1959) | Management committee | 1927 | Citroën |
| Mercier, Louis (1856–1927) | Member | 1878 | Compagnie des mines de Béthune |
| Antoine Faugier (1846–1906) | Member | 1882 | Usines Faugier |
Notes
Sources
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