Английская Википедия:Common Turkic alphabet

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:See also The Common Turkic alphabet (Шаблон:Lang-tr; Шаблон:Lang-az; Шаблон:Lang-tt-Cyrl; Шаблон:Lang-kk) is a project of a single Latin alphabet for all Turkic languages based on a slightly modified Turkish alphabet, with 34 letters recognised by the Organization of Turkic States.[1] Its letters are as follows:

Common Turkic alphabet
Upper Case A Ä B C Ç D E F G Ğ H I İ J K L M N Ñ O Ö P Q R S Ş T U Ü V W X Y Z
Lower Case a ä b c ç d e f g ğ h ı i j k l m n ñ o ö p q r s ş t u ü v w x y z
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History

In connection with the collapse of the USSR, in the newly formed republics in which the Turkic languages were the main ones, the ideas of Pan-Turkism became popular again, and, as a consequence, so did the movement for the restoration of the Latin alphabet. In order to unify, and at the initiative of Turkey in November 1991, an international scientific symposium was held in Istanbul on the development of a unified alphabet for the Turkic languages. It was completely based on the Turkish alphabet, but with the addition of some missing letters: ä, ñ, q, w, x. As a result, the alphabet consisted of 34 letters, 29 of which were taken from Turkish.

Azerbaijan was the first to adopt this alphabet in December 1991 and Uzbekistan proposed its adoption in September 1993, while continuing to use Cyrillic. In September 1993, at a regular conference in Ankara, representatives of Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan officially announced the transition to the new alphabet.

However, already in 1992, Azerbaijan was reforming its alphabet and replacing the letter ä with ə, taken from old Cyrillic and Yañalif. Starting from 2000, the government decreed that Azerbaijani publications and media should use the Latin script only, officially discontinuing the Cyrillic alphabet in the country.

In May 1995, the government of Uzbekistan decided to adopt a different proposal, based only on the standard 26-letter Latin alphabet. This same proposal was implemented for the Karakalpak language.

Although Turkmenistan committed itself to adopt the original alphabet, it officially adopted a different proposal in 1993 with some unusual characters as letters such as the pound sign (£), the cent sign (¢) and the dollar sign ($). This was later replaced by a different alphabet in 1999, which is only partially similar to the general Turkic one, but differs from it in a number of letters. Due to this uncertainty with the Latin alphabet proposals employed by the government, opposition political forces continue to employ the Turkmen Cyrillic alphabet.

As a result, only Azerbaijani (1991, with one letter changed in 1992), Gagauz (1996), Crimean Tatar (1992, officially since 1997), Tatar in the Tatar Wikipedia (since 2013) and some mass media have used the common Turkic alphabet with minor changes (since 1999).[2][3]

The Tatar Latin script, introduced in September 1999 and canceled in January 2005, used a slightly different set of additional letters (ŋ instead of ñ, ə instead of ä), and the letter ɵ instead of Turkish ö. Since December 24, 2012, the common Turkic alphabet has been officially used as a means of transliterating the Tatar Cyrillic alphabet.[4]

In 2019, an updated version of the Uzbek Latin alphabet was revealed by the Uzbek government, with five letters being updated; it was proposed to represent the sounds "ts", "sh", "ch", "oʻ" and "gʻ" by the letters "c", "ş", "ç", "ó" and "ǵ", respectively.[5] This reverses a 1995 reform, and brings the orthography closer to that of Turkish and also of Turkmen, Karakalpak, Kazakh (2018 version) and Azerbaijani.[6][7]

In April 2021, a revised version of the Kazakh Latin alphabet was presented, introducing the letters Ä ä (Ə ə), Ö ö (Ө ө), Ü ü (Ү ү), Ğ ğ (Ғ ғ), Ū ū (Ұ ұ), Ñ ñ (Ң ң), and Ş ş (Ш ш). This version will be officially implemented starting 2023.[8][9]

Grapheme-phoneme correspondences

The orthographies of Turkic languages are largely phonetic, meaning that the pronunciation of a word can usually be determined from its spelling. This rule excludes recent loanwords such as proper names. The letters representing vowel sounds in Turkic dialects are, in alphabetical order, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr.Шаблон:Efn[10]

Primary graphemes of Turkic languages in alphabets based on the modern Common Turkic alphabet (CTA)
Common A Ä B C Ç D D E F G Ğ Ģ H Ħ I İ J K L Ļ M N Ņ Ñ O Ö P Q R S S Ś Ş T T Ț U Ü V W X Y Z Z Ź
IPA Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA /dˠ/ Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA /s/ Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Azerbaijani A Ə B C Ç D D - E F G Ğ - H - I İ J K L - M N - - O Ö P Q R S S - Ş T T - U Ü V - X Y Z Z -
Bashkir A Ä B - Ç D D - E F G Ğ - H - I İ J K L - M N - Ñ O Ö P Q R S S Ś Ş T T - U Ü V W X Y Z Z Ź
Crimean Tatar A - B C Ç D D - E F G Ğ - H - I İ J K L - M N - Ñ O Ö P Q R S S - Ş T T - U Ü V - - Y Z Z -
Gagauz A Ä B C Ç D D - E F G - - H - I İ J K L - M N - - O Ö P - R S S - Ş T T Ţ U Ü V - - Y Z Z -
Karachay-Balkar A - B C Ç D D - E F G Ğ - H - I İ J K L - M N - Ñ O Ö P Q R S S - Ş T T Ţ U Ü V W - Y Z Z -
Karaim A E B Č D D DZ Ė F D' G - H - Y I Ž T' L L' M N Ń - O Ö P K R S Ś - Š T T C U Ü V - CH J Z Ź -
Karakalpak A Á B DJ CH D D - E F G Ǵ - H - Í I J K L - M N - Ń O Ó P Q R S S - SH T T C U Ú V W X Y Z Z -
KazakhШаблон:Efn A Ä B J Ş D D - E F G Ğ - H - Y I J K L - M N - Ñ O Ö P Q R S S - Ş T T TS Ū Ü V U H İ Z Z -
Kumyk A Ä B C Ç D D - E F G Ğ - H - I İ J K L - M N - Ñ O Ö P Q R S S - Ş T T Č, Ţ U Ü - W X Y Z Z -
Kyrgyz A - B DJ Ç D D - E F G Ğ - H - I İ J K L - M N - Ŋ O Ö P Q R S S - Ş T T C U Ü V W H Y Z Z -
Nogai A Ä B C Ç D D - E F G Ğ - H - I İ J K L - M N - Ñ O Ö P Q R S S - Ş T T Ţ U Ü - W - Y Z Z -
Salar (TB30) A E B C Ç D D - E F G Ğ - H - I İ J K L - M N - Ñ O Ö P Q R S S - Ş T T - U Ü V V X Y Z Z -
Salar (UYY) A E B J/ZH Q/CH D D - E F G G - H - I I R K L - M N - NG O Ö P K R S S - X/SH T T - U Ü V W H Y Z Z -
Tatar A Ä B C Ç D D - E F G Ğ - H - I İ J K L - M N - Ñ O Ö P Q R S S - Ş T T - U Ü V W X Y Z Z -
Turkish A - B C Ç D D - E F G Ğ - H - I İ J K L - M N - - O Ö P - R S S - Ş T T - U Ü V - - Y Z Z -
Turkmen A Ä B J Ç D D - E F G - - H - Y I Ž K L - M N - Ň O Ö P - R - - S Ş T T - U Ü W - - Ý - - Z
Uyghur (ULY) A E B J CH D D - Ë F G GH - H - - I ZH K L - M N - NG O Ö P Q R S S - SH T T - U Ü V - X Y Z Z -
Uzbek A - B J CH D D - E F G - H - - I J K L - M N - NG P Q R S S - SH T T TS U U V - X Y Z Z -
Uzbek (2021) A - B J Ç D D - E F G Ğ - H - - I - K L - M N - Ñ O Õ P Q R S S - Ş T T C U - V - X Y Z Z -
Cyrillic script А Ә Б Җ, Ҹ, Ӌ, Дь Ч Д Д Ѕ Э, Е Ф Г Ғ, Ҕ Һ Ҳ Ы И, І Ж К Л Љ М Н Њ, Нь Ң, Ҥ О Ө П Ҡ, Қ, Ӄ Р С Ҫ Ш Т Т Ц У, Ұ Ү В Ў Х Й З́ З Ҙ
Arabic script

آ, ٵ

ـَ

ب

ج

چ

ط

د

ڏ

اې

ف

گ

غ

ع

ھ

ح

اۍ

ای

ژ

ك

ل

ڵ

م

ن

ڬ

ڭ

ۆ

ۆ

پ

ق

ر

ص

س

ث

ش

ط

ت

ڞ

او

اۊ

ۋ

و

خ

ي

ظ

ز

ذ

Uyghur Arabic alphabet ا،ئا ە،ئە ب ج چ د ې،ئې ف گ غ ھ ى،ئى ژ ك ل م ن ڭ و،ئو ۆ،ئۆ پ ق ر س ش ت ۇ،ئۇ ۈ،ئۈ ۋ ۋ خ ي ز
  1. Ää=Əə=Эə
  2. Č=J
  3. Ś=Þ/θ and Ź=Đ
  4. Ț=T+S and =D+Z
  5. =ص and =ض
  6. =ط and Ż=ظ
  7. Long: Â, Ê, Î, Ô, Û.
  8. Soft: Ă, Ĕ, Ĭ, Ŏ, Ŭ.
  9. Thin: Grave (ˋ) - Consonant letters
  10. /ɒ/ in Uzbek
  • Semi-vowels (Glottal Letters) are shown with a breve (or caron in Chuvash): Ă, Ĕ, Ĭ, Ŏ, Ŭ.
  • The Шаблон:IPA phoneme (Latin Š or Ť, Arabic ث, Cyrillic Ҫ) is only present in the Bashkir language.
  • The Шаблон:IPA phoneme (Latin Ž or Ď, Arabic ذ, Cyrillic Ҙ) is only present in the Bashkir language.
  • Ä is sometimes written as Əə or Ǝǝ (Latin glyphs).[11][12]Шаблон:Efn
  • The phonemes Шаблон:IPA (Ț) and Шаблон:IPA () are represented in the Lipka Tatars Belarusian Arabic alphabet.[13][14][15]
  • Some handwritten letters have variant forms. For example: Čč=Jj, Ķķ=, and =.[16]
  • The Cyrillic Ѕ, Љ, and Њ may be written as Ӡ, Ԡ, and Ԣ respectively.
  • ٯ = ق (representing Шаблон:IPA) or ڨ (representing Шаблон:IPA).
  • (ص), Ż (ظ), and (ط) are used to represent the front and back variants of the letters S, Z, and T/D respectively. They are commonly found at the beginning of words to indicate all following vowels will be back vowels. If the sounds S, Z, T, or D occur in the middle of a word with exclusively back vowels, they may appear in their "soft" or neutral forms of S (س), Z (ز), T (ت) or D (د). (The letter (ط) can represent the back vowel variants of T and D). Unlike Turkish, Arabic does not have vowel-dependent placement rules for these letters; they appear wherever emphatic consonants occur and can thus be seen in any part of the word. Some examples include Ṡahib, Ṡabun, Huṡuṡ, Ṡabr, etc.

Non-Turkic (Cyrillic or Arabic) Letters


In the USSR

Шаблон:Main The New Turkic alphabet (Jaꞑalif, 'Yañalif') was a Latin alphabet used by non-Slavic peoples of the USSR in the 1920-1930s. The new alphabet utilised the basic Latin letters excluding "w", as well as some additional letters, with a number of them being based on Cyrillic letterforms. The correspondences between the Soviet Yañalif and modern CTA are given below.

Yañalif CTA Cyrillic Yañalif CTA Cyrillic Yañalif CTA Cyrillic
A a A a А а I i İ i И и R r R r Р р
B ʙ B b Б б J j Y y Й й S s S s С с
C c Ç ç Ч ч K k K k К к Ş ş Ş ş Ш ш
Ç ç C c Җ җ L l L l Л л T t T t Т т
D d D d Д д M m M m М м U u U u У у
E e E e Е е N n N n Н н V v V v
W w
В в
Ў ў
Ə ə Ä ä Ә ә Ꞑ ꞑ Ñ ñ Ң ң X x X x Х х
F f F f Ф ф O o O o О о Y y Ü ü Ү ү
G g G g Г г Ɵ ɵ Ö ö Ө ө Z z Z z З з
Ƣ ƣ Ğ ğ Ғ ғ P p P p П п Ƶ ƶ J j Ж ж
H h H h Һ һ Q q Q q Қ қ Ь ь I ı Ы ы

Keyboard layout

Шаблон:See also The standard Turkish keyboard layout for personal computers is as follows:

Turkish keyboard layout

Bibliography

  • Шаблон:Cite book
  • Шаблон:Cite book
  • Шаблон:Cite book
  • Шаблон:Cite book
  • Шаблон:Cite book
  • Шаблон:Cite book
  • Der Fischer Welt Almanach '94 – Zahlen, Daten, Fakten, 1993 (S. 846)
  • Mehmet Tütüncü: Alphabets for the Turkic languages
  • Herbert W. Duda: Die neue türkische Lateinschrift. I. Historisches. In: Orientalistische Literaturzeitung 1929, Spalten 441–453. – II. Linguistisches. In: Orientalistische Literaturzeitung 1930, Spalten 399–413.
  • F.H. Weißbach: Die türkische Lateinschrift. In: Archiv für Schreib- und Buchwesen 1930, S. 125–138.
  • Шаблон:Cite book
  • Луначарский. Латинизация русской письменности
  • Статья «Новый алфавит» в Литературной энциклопедии
  • Nevzat Özkan, Gagavuz Türkçesi Grameri, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, 1996
  • Jaŋalif/Яңалиф". Tatar Encyclopedia. (2002). Kazan: Tatarstan Republic Academy of Sciences Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia
  • Закиев. Тюрко-татарское письмо. История, состояние, перспективы. Москва, "Инсан", 2005
  • G.A Gaydarci, E.K Koltsa, L.A.Pokrovskaya B.P.Tukan, Gagauz Türkçesinin Sözlüğü, TC Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları
  • Nevzat Özkan, Gagauz Destanları, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları
  • Prof. Dr. Mustafa Argunşah-Âdem Terzi-Abdullah Durkun, Gagauz Türkçesi Araştırmaları Bilgi Şöleni, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları
  • Gagauzum Bucaktır Yerim, Tatura Anamut Ocak Yayınları
  • Шаблон:Cite book

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

See also

  1. Türk Keneş ve Türk Dünyasının 34 Harfli Ortak Alfabe Sistemi - Abdülvahap Kara
  2. Шаблон:Cite web
  3. Шаблон:Cite web
  4. Шаблон:Cite web
  5. Шаблон:Cite news
  6. Шаблон:Cite web
  7. Шаблон:Cite news
  8. Шаблон:Cite web
  9. Шаблон:Cite news
  10. Шаблон:Cite web
  11. Шаблон:Cite web
  12. Шаблон:Cite web
  13. Шаблон:Cite web
  14. Janka Stankievic. Mova rukapisu Al Kitab. Casc I. Fonetyka. New York 1954
  15. Вольскі В. Асноўныя прынцыпы арабскай транскрыпцыі беларускага тэксту ў "Кітабах". "Узвышша" 1927. №6
  16. Lorna A. Priest, Proposal to Encode Additional Latin Orthographic Characters for Uighur Latin alphabet, 2005
  17. Marinella Lörinczi Angioni, "Coscienza nazionale romanza e ortografia: il romeno tra alfabeto cirillico e alfabeto latino ", La Ricerca Folklorica, No. 5, La scrittura: funzioni e ideologie. (Apr., 1982), pp. 75–85.
  18. Шаблон:Cite book
  19. Negruzzi, Constantin, Studii asupra limbei române, in vol. "Alexandru Lăpuşneanul", Ed. Pentru Literatură, Bucharest, 1969.