Английская Википедия:Comparison of BSD operating systems

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description There are a number of Unix-like operating systems based on or descended from the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) series of Unix variant options. The three most notable descendants in current use are FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD, which are all derived from 386BSD and 4.4BSD-Lite, by various routes. Both NetBSD and FreeBSD started life in 1993, initially derived from 386BSD, but in 1994 migrated to a 4.4BSD-Lite code base. OpenBSD was forked from NetBSD in 1995. Other notable derivatives include DragonFly BSD, which was forked from FreeBSD 4.8.

Most of the current BSD operating systems are open source and available for download, free of charge, under the BSD License. They also generally use a monolithic kernel architecture, apart from DragonFly BSD which feature hybrid kernels. The various open source BSD projects generally develop the kernel and userland programs and libraries together, the source code being managed using a single central source repository.

In the past, BSD was also used as a basis for several proprietary versions of UNIX, such as Sun's SunOS, Sequent's Dynix, NeXT's NeXTSTEP, DEC's Ultrix and OSF/1 AXP (which became the now discontinued Tru64 UNIX).

Aims and philosophies

FreeBSD

FreeBSD aims to make an operating system usable for any purpose.[1] It is intended to run a wide variety of applications, be easy to use, contain cutting edge features, and be highly scalable on very high load network servers.[2] FreeBSD is free software, and the project prefers the FreeBSD license. However, they sometimes accept non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) and include a limited number of nonfree hardware abstraction layer (HAL) modules for specific device drivers in their source tree, to support the hardware of companies who do not provide purely libre drivers (such as HALs to program software-defined radios so that vendors do not share their nonfree algorithms).

To maintain a high level of quality and provide good support for "production quality commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) workstation, server, and high-end embedded systems", FreeBSD focuses on a narrow set of architectures.[3] A significant focus of development since 2000[4] has been fine-grained locking and SMP scalability. From 2007 on, most of the kernel was fine-locked and scaling improvements started to be seen.[5] Other recent work includes Common Criteria security functionality, such as mandatory access control and security event audit support.

Derivatives:

NetBSD

NetBSD aims to provide a freely redistributable operating system that professionals, hobbyists, and researchers can use in any manner they wish. The main focus is portability, through the use of clear distinctions between machine-dependent and machine-independent code. It runs on a wide variety of 32-bit and 64-bit processor architectures and hardware platforms, and is intended to interoperate well with other operating systems. NetBSD places emphasis on correct design, well-written code, stability, and efficiency, where practical, close compliance with open API and protocol standards is also aimed for. In June 2008, the NetBSD Foundation moved to a two-clause BSD license, citing changes at UCB and industry applicability.[10] NPF is a project spawned by NetBSD.

Derivatives:

  • OS108 – system with graphical desktop environment based on NetBSD.[11]

OpenBSD

OpenBSD is a security-focused BSD known for its developers' insistence on extensive, ongoing code auditing for security and correct functionality, a "secure by default" philosophy, good documentation, and adherence to strictly open source licensing. The system incorporates numerous security features that are absent or optional in other versions of BSD. The OpenBSD policy on openness extends to hardware documentation and drivers, since without these, there can be no trust in the correct operation of the kernel and its security, and vendor software bugs would be hard to resolve.[12]

OpenBSD emphasizes very high standards in all areas. Security policies include disabling all non-essential services and having sane initial settings; and integrated cryptography (originally made easier due to relaxed Canadian export laws relative to the United States), full public disclosure of all security flaws discovered; thoroughly auditing code for bugs and security issues; various security features, including the W^X page protection technology and heavy use of randomization to mitigate attacks. Coding approaches include an emphasis on searching for similar issues throughout the code base if any code issue is identified. Concerning software freedom, OpenBSD prefers the BSD or ISC license, with the GPL acceptable only for existing software which is impractical to replace, such as the GNU Compiler Collection. NDAs are never considered acceptable. In common with its parent, NetBSD, OpenBSD strives to run on a wide variety of hardware.[13] Where licenses conflict with OpenBSD's philosophy, the OpenBSD team has re-implemented major pieces of software from scratch, which have often become the standard used within other versions of BSD. Examples include the pf packet filter, new privilege separation techniques used to safeguard tools such as tcpdump and tmux, much of the OpenSSH codebase, and replacing GPL licensed tools such as diff, grep and pkg-config with ISC or BSD licensed equivalents.

OpenBSD prominently notes the success of its security approach on its website home page. Шаблон:As of, only two vulnerabilities have ever been found in its default install (an OpenSSH vulnerability found in 2002, and a remote network vulnerability found in 2007) in a period of almost 22 years. According to OpenBSD expert Michael W. Lucas, OpenBSD "is widely regarded as the most secure operating system available anywhere, under any licensing terms."[14]

OpenBSD has spawned numerous child projects such as OpenSSH, OpenNTPD, OpenBGPD, OpenSMTPD, PF, CARP, and LibreSSL. Many of these are designed to replace restricted alternatives.

Derivatives:

  • LibertyBSD – Aimed to be a 'deblobbed' version of OpenBSD.[15] There are a number of reasons as to why blobs can be problematic, according to the project.[16] LibertyBSD began going through the process to become Free Software Foundation FSDG certified, but ultimately never was accepted.[17] LibertyBSD is no longer actively developed, and the project page directs people instead to HyperbolaBSD.[18]
  • Isotop,[19] a French project[20] aiming to adapt OpenBSD to desktops and laptops,[21] using xfce then dwm

DragonFly BSD

DragonFly BSD aims to be inherently easy to understand and develop for multi-processor infrastructures. The main goal of the project, forked from FreeBSD 4.8, is to radically change the kernel architecture, introducing microkernel-like message passing which will enhance scaling and reliability on symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) platforms while also being applicable to NUMA and clustered systems. The long-term goal is to provide a transparent single system image in clustered environments. DragonFly BSD originally supported both the IA-32 and x86-64 platforms, however support for IA-32 was dropped in version 4.0.[22][23] Matthew Dillon, the founder of DragonFly BSD, believes supporting fewer platforms makes it easier for a project to do a proper, ground-up symmetric multiprocessing implementation.[24]

Popularity

Файл:Bsd distributions usage.svg
Bar chart showing the proportion of users of each BSD variant from a BSD usage survey from September 2005.[25]Шаблон:Needs update inline

In September 2005, the BSD Certification Group, after advertising on a number of mailing lists, surveyed 4,330 BSD users, 3,958 of whom took the survey in English, to assess the relative popularity of the various BSD operating systems. About 77% of respondents used FreeBSD, 33% used OpenBSD, 16% used NetBSD, 2.6% used Dragonfly, and 6.6% used other (potentially non-BSD) systems. Other languages offered were Brazilian and European Portuguese, German, Italian, and Polish. Note that there was no control group or pre-screening of the survey takers. Those who checked "Other" were asked to specify that operating system.[25]

Because survey takers were permitted to select more than one answer, the percentages shown in the graph, which are out of the number survey of participants, add up to greater than 100%. If a survey taker filled in more than one choice for "other", this is still only counted as one vote for other on this chart.[25]

Another attempt to profile worldwide BSD usage is the *BSDstats Project, whose primary goal is to demonstrate to hardware vendors the penetration of BSD and viability of hardware drivers for the operating system. The project collects data monthly from any BSD system administrators willing to participate, and currently records the BSD market share of participating FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, DragonflyBSD, Debian GNU/kFreeBSD, TrueOS, and MirBSD systems.[26]

In 2020, a new independent project was introduced to collect statistics with the goal of significantly increasing the number of observed parameters.[27]

DistroWatch, well known in the Linux community and often used as a rough guide to free operating system popularity, publishes page hits for each of the Linux distributions and other operating systems it covers. As of 27 March 2020, using a data span of the last six months it placed FreeBSD in 21st place with 452 hits per day, GhostBSD in 51st place with 243 hits, TrueOS in 54th place with 182 hits per day, DragonflyBSD in 75th place with 180 hits, OpenBSD in 80th place with 169 hits per day and NetBSD in 109th place with 105 hits per day.[28]

Names, logos, slogans

The names FreeBSD and OpenBSD are references to software freedom: both in cost and open source.[29] NetBSD's name is a tribute to the Internet, which brought the original developers together.[30]

The first BSD mascot was the BSD daemon, named after a common type of Unix software program, a daemon. FreeBSD still uses the image, a red cartoon daemon named Beastie, wielding a pitchfork, as its mascot today. In 2005, after a competition, a stylized version of Beastie's head designed and drawn by Anton Gural was chosen as the FreeBSD logo.[31] The FreeBSD slogan is "The Power to Serve."

The NetBSD flag, designed in 2004 by Grant Bissett, is inspired by the original NetBSD logo,[32] designed in 1994 by Shawn Mueller, portraying a number of BSD daemons raising a flag on top of a mound of computer equipment. This was based on a World War II photograph, Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima. The Board of Directors of The NetBSD Foundation believed this was too complicated, too hard to reproduce and had negative cultural ramifications and was thus not a suitable image for NetBSD in the corporate world. The new, simpler flag design replaced this.[33] The NetBSD slogan is "Of course it runs NetBSD", referring to the operating system's portability.

Originally, OpenBSD used the BSD daemon as a mascot, sometimes with an added halo as a distinguishing mark, but OpenBSD later replaced its BSD daemon with Puffy. Although Puffy is usually referred to as a pufferfish, the spikes on the cartoon images give him a closer likeness to the porcupinefish. The logo is a reference to the fish's defensive capabilities and to the Blowfish cryptography algorithm used in OpenSSH. OpenBSD also has a number of slogans including "Secure by default", which was used in the first OpenBSD song, "E-railed", and "Free, Functional & Secure",[34] and OpenBSD has released at least one original song with every release since 3.0.[35]

The DragonFly BSD logo, designed by Joe Angrisano, is a dragonfly named Fred.[36] A number of unofficial logos[37] by various authors also show the dragonfly or stylized versions of it. DragonFly BSD considers itself to be "the logical continuation of the FreeBSD 4.x series."[38] FireflyBSD has a similar logo, a firefly, showing its close relationship to DragonFly BSD. In fact, the FireflyBSD website states that proceeds from sales will go to the development of DragonFly BSD, suggesting that the two may in fact be very closely related.

PicoBSD's slogan is "For the little BSD in all of us," and its logo includes a version of FreeBSD's Beastie as a child,[39] showing its close connection to FreeBSD, and the minimal amount of code needed to run as a Live CD.

A number of BSD OSes use stylized version of their respective names for logos. This includes TrueOS, GhostBSD, DesktopBSD, ClosedBSD,[40] and MicroBSD.[41] TrueOS's slogan is "Personal computing, served up BSD style!", GhostBSD's "A simple, secure BSD served on a Desktop." DesktopBSD's "A Step Towards BSD on the Desktop." MicroBSD's slogan is "The small secure unix like OS."

MirOS's site collects a variety of BSD mascots and Tux, the Linux mascot, together, illustrating the project's aim of supporting both BSD and Linux kernels. MirOS's slogan is "a wonderful operating system for a world of peace."[42]

General information

Overview of BSD versions
Name Primary developers First public release Based on Latest stable version Cost (USD) Preferred license Purpose Short description
Version Release Date
FreeBSD The FreeBSD Project 1993-12-01 386BSD, 4.4BSD-Lite 14 2023-11-20[43] Шаблон:Yes Simplified BSD Server, Workstation, Network Appliance, Embedded Aims to be usable for any purpose.
OpenBSD The OpenBSD Project 1996-09-01 NetBSD 1.0 7.4 2023-10-16[44] Шаблон:Yes ISC Server, Workstation, Network Appliance, Embedded Aims for maximum correctness in code, bringing simplicity and security.
NetBSD The NetBSD Project 1993-04-19 386BSD, 4.4BSD-Lite 9.3 2022-08-04 Шаблон:Yes Simplified BSD Server, Workstation, Network Appliance, Embedded Aims for maximum portability.
DragonFly BSD Matt Dillon 2004-07-12 FreeBSD 4.8 6.4.0 2022-12-30[45] Шаблон:Yes Modified BSD Server, Workstation, Network Appliance, Embedded Aims for maximum scalability.
386BSDШаблон:R William and Lynne Jolitz 1992-03-01 4.3BSD Net/2 2.0 2016-08-05 Шаблон:Yes BSD Open source general purpose Historical
BSD/OS (BSD/386)Шаблон:R BSDi, Wind River Systems 1993-03-01 4.3BSD Net/2, 4.4BSD 5.1 2003-10-01 Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Nonfree General purpose Historical
SunOSШаблон:RШаблон:R Sun Microsystems 1982 4.xBSD, UNIX System V[46] 4.1.4 1994-11-01 Included in hardware and support charges Шаблон:Nonfree Server, Workstation Historical (Solaris is a different code base)
UltrixШаблон:R Digital Equipment Corporation 1984 4.2BSD, SVR2 4.5 1995 Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Nonfree General Purpose Historical (ran on DEC VAX & MIPS systems or emulators).
RISCiX Acorn Computers 1988 4.3 BSD, Unix System V 1.31c 1993-09-07 Шаблон:No £1000 GBP (Approx $1400) Шаблон:Nonfree Workstation Historical (ran on Archimedes and R series Workstations)
Tru64 UNIX (DEC OSF/1, Digital UNIX) DEC, Compaq, HP 1993 4.3BSD, 4.4BSD, Mach 2.5, UNIX System V 5.1B-6 2010-10-01 Шаблон:No $99 (non-commercial) Шаблон:Nonfree General Purpose Only runs on HP Alpha systems or emulators.
Darwin Apple Inc. 2001-03-01 NeXTSTEP, FreeBSD, classic Mac OS 22.5.0 2023-05-18 Шаблон:Yes APSL, GPL and others Workstation, Home Desktop, Server The kernel and certain userland components of macOS and iOS
TrueOS iXsystems, Inc. 2006-04-29 FreeBSD 18.12 2018-12-15 Шаблон:Yes BSD Server Easy to use while maintaining full use of FreeBSD base
GhostBSD Eric Turgeon 2009-11-01 FreeBSD 23.06.01 2023-06-23 Шаблон:Yes BSD Desktop, Workstation Easy to use, full FreeBSD w/ GNOME, Mate, Xfce, LXDE or Openbox.
FuryBSD Joe Maloney 2019-10-24 FreeBSD claim|1=P348|id=Q79027338|qualifier=P577|parameter=time:Y-m-d}}" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:right;"| {{#invoke:Wikidata|claim|1=P348|id=Q79027338|qualifier=P577|parameter=time:j. M Y}}
{{#invoke:Wikidata|claim|1=P348|id=Q79027338}} 		2019-12-02 Шаблон:Yes BSD Desktop, Workstation Easy to use, full FreeBSD w/ Xfce or KDE.
DesktopBSD Peter Hofer, Daniel Seuffert 2005-07-25 FreeBSD 1.7 2009-09-07 Шаблон:Yes BSD Desktop Easy to use
ClosedBSD Joshua Bergeron and various contributors Шаблон:Dunno FreeBSD 1.0B (floppy), 1.0-RC1 (CD) Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:Nonfree Шаблон:Dunno firewall/NAT, boot floppy, Live CD
FreeSBIE Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno FreeBSD 2.0.3 2007-02-01 Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Live CD of FreeBSD. DistroWatch lists as discontinued.
PicoBSD Michael Bialecki Шаблон:Dunno FreeBSD 0.42 Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Yes BSD boot floppy Шаблон:Dunno
Anonym.OS Шаблон:Dunno 2005-01-01 OpenBSD 3.8 none (beta only) Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:Dunno Anonymous browsing Live CD
MirOS BSD The MirOS Project Шаблон:Dunno OpenBSD 3.1 #10 2008-03-16 Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno European
ekkoBSDШаблон:R Rick Collette Шаблон:Dunno OpenBSD 3.3 Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Server easy to administer
MicroBSDШаблон:R Bulgarians Шаблон:Dunno OpenBSD 3.0/3.4 0.6 2003-10-27 Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:Dunno General purpose Small, secure
OliveBSD Gabriel Paderni Шаблон:Dunno OpenBSD 3.8 Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:Dunno Live CD DistroWatch lists as discontinued.
Gentoo/FreeBSD Gentoo Linux developers Шаблон:Dunno FreeBSD Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Yes GPL, BSD Server, Workstation, Network Appliance uses Gentoo framework
Gentoo/OpenBSD Gentoo Linux developers Шаблон:Dunno OpenBSD Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Yes GPL, BSD Server, Workstation, Network Appliance, Embedded uses Gentoo framework
Gentoo/NetBSD Gentoo Linux developers Шаблон:Dunno NetBSD Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Yes GPL, BSD Server, Workstation, Network Appliance, Embedded uses Gentoo framework
Gentoo/DragonflyBSD Robert Sebastian Gerus (project not yet officially supported by Gentoo) Шаблон:Dunno DragonFly BSD Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:Dunno Server, Workstation, Network Appliance uses Gentoo framework
Debian GNU/kFreeBSD The Debian GNU/kFreeBSD team 2011-02-06 GNU, FreeBSD 7.5 2014-04-26 Шаблон:Yes DFSG General purpose GNU userspace on FreeBSD kernel
Debian GNU/NetBSD The Debian GNU/kNetBSD team Abandoned GNU, NetBSD Abandoned Abandoned Шаблон:Yes DFSG General purpose GNU userspace on NetBSD kernel
MidnightBSD[47] Lucas Holt 2007-08-04 FreeBSD 6.1 beta[48] 3.0.1 2023-04-03 Шаблон:Yes BSD Desktop GNUstep based Desktop Environment
NomadBSD[49] The NomadBSD Team 2018-03-25 FreeBSD 131R-20221130 2022-12-04[50] Шаблон:Yes BSD Desktop Openbox based Desktop Environment
pfSense various contributors 2006-10-04 FreeBSD 2.7.0 2023-06-29 Шаблон:Yes BSD Security appliance firewall/NAT, Live CD
OPNsense various contributors 2015-01-02 pfSense 23.7.5 2023-09-26 Шаблон:Yes BSD Security appliance firewall/NAT, Live CD
Paxym FreeBSD for Octeon Paxym Inc. 2007-12-11 FreeBSD 7.0 4.7 2008-08-13 Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Nonfree Network, Storage, Security Applications: Routers/UTM/Firewall/NAS For Cavium Networks Octeon MIPS architecture multicore processors[51]
MaheshaBSD Шаблон:Dunno FreeBSD 8 Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Yes BSD FreeBSD multipurpose
KarmaBSD[52] Шаблон:Dunno FreeBSD 8
OpenBSD 		Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Yes Free software FreeBSD, OpenBSD Firewall, MP3 player, backup, others
Jibbed[53] OpenBSD, NetBSD 6.0 Шаблон:Yes BSD Live CD of NetBSD
Bitrig The Bitrig Developers 2014-11-25 OpenBSD 1.0 2014-11-25 Шаблон:Yes ISC General Purpose Focus on modern platforms and tools
StarBSD digital IXI Corp 2009-12-01 FreeBSD 2020.3 2020-03-25 Шаблон:Yes Simplified BSD Server, Workstation, Network Appliance, Embedded Aims for maximum scalability.
Developer First public release Based on Version Release Date Cost (USD) Preferred license Purpose Short description

Шаблон:Reflist

See also

Шаблон:Portal

Notes and references

Шаблон:Reflist

Other sources

Шаблон:Berkeley Software Distribution Шаблон:Unix-like

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ http://people.freebsd.org/~jhb/papers/smp/slides.pdf Шаблон:Bare URL PDF
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ "LibertyBSD - FAQ". LibertyBSD. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 25,2 BSD Certification site; PDF of usage survey results. Retrieved on 2012-09-16.
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ FreeBSD Logo Competition Шаблон:Webarchive. The FreeBSD Project. Competition ended 2005-06-30. Retrieved on 2006-04-22.
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web Also see NetBSD Logos.
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
    Linked to from:
    Шаблон:Cite web
    Also see:
    Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web Original last retrieved on 2006-04-22.
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  51. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  53. ↑ jibbed.org
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Comparison_of_BSD_operating_systems&oldid=14037846