Английская Википедия:Comparison of General American and Received Pronunciation

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:American and British English differences Шаблон:IPA notice One aspect of the differences between American and British English is that of specific word pronunciations, as described in American and British English pronunciation differences. However, there are also differences in some of the basic pronunciation patterns between the standard dialects of each country. The standard varieties for each are in fact generalizations: for the U.S., a loosely defined spectrum of unmarked varieties called General American (abbreviated "GA") and, for Britain, a collection of prestigious varieties most common in southeastern England, ranging from upper- to middle-class Received Pronunciation accents (often classified along a continuum with local Estuary English), which together here are abbreviated "RP". However, other regional accents in each country also show differences, for which see regional accents of English speakers.

Received Pronunciation has been the subject of many academic studies, and is frequently used as a model for teaching English to foreign learners.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Page needed The widely repeated claim that only about two percent of Britons speak RP is no more than a rough estimate and has been questioned by several writers, most notably by the phonetician Jack Windsor Lewis.Шаблон:Sfnp

Phonological differences

• Rhoticity – GA is rhotic while RP is non-rhotic; that is, the phoneme Шаблон:IPA is only pronounced in RP when it is immediately followed by a vowel sound.Шаблон:Sfnp Where GA pronounces Шаблон:IPA before a consonant and at the end of an utterance, RP either has no consonant (if the preceding vowel is Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, as in bore, burr and bar) or has a schwa instead (the resulting sequences being diphthongs or triphthongs). This leads to several RP mergers characteristic of non-rhotic accents, whereas GA maintains these distinctions. Similarly, where GA has r-colored vowels (Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, as in "cupboard" or "bird"), RP has plain vowels Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA. The "intrusive R" of many RP speakers (in such sequences as "the idea-r-of it") is absent in GA; this is a consequence of the rhotic/non-rhotic distinction.
• The trap–bath split has resulted in RP having the back unrounded open vowel Шаблон:IPA in many words where GA has a front open unrounded vowel Шаблон:IPA; this RP vowel occurs typically (but not always) when followed by:
  • Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, or Шаблон:IPA (e.g. aunt, branch, chance, pass, laugh, path).Шаблон:Sfnp
• Шаблон:IPA is usually tensed before Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and sometimes Шаблон:IPA in GA; in other words, rap is Шаблон:IPA but ram is Шаблон:IPA.
• Several foreign names and loanwords spelled with Шаблон:Angbr use Шаблон:IPA in RP but Шаблон:IPA in GA, such as kebab, pasta, macho, and taco.Шаблон:Sfnp In a small number of words, these phonemes are exactly reversed in the two dialects, such as banana, khaki, and Pakistan.
• RP has three open back vowels, where GA has only two or even one. GA speakers use Шаблон:IPA for both the RP Шаблон:IPA (spot) and Шаблон:IPA (spa): the father–bother merger.
  • Nearly half of American speakers additionally use the same vowel for the RP Шаблон:IPA (the cot–caught merger).
• While the lot–cloth split is no longer found in RP, it is found in those GA speakers who do not have the cot–caught merger (which otherwise neutralizes this split). This results in Шаблон:IPA in some words which now have Шаблон:IPA in RP, particularly before voiceless fricatives and sometimes before Шаблон:IPA (where it is always Шаблон:IPA in RP, both older and contemporary). This is reflected in the "eye dialect" spelling "dawg" for dog.
• "Long o" and "short o" before intervocalic /r/ have merged in American English. Thus "moral" and "oral" rhyme in GA (Шаблон:IPA), while in RP they do not rhyme, being pronounced Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, respectively.
• RP has a marked degree of contrast of length between "short" and "long" vowels (the long vowels being the diphthongs plus Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPA). In GA this contrast is somewhat less evident and non-phonemic, so the IPA length symbol (Шаблон:IPA) is often omitted.
• The "long o" (as in boat) is realised differently: GA back first element Шаблон:IPA; RP central first element Шаблон:IPA. However, there is considerable variation in this vowel on both sides of the Atlantic.
• The distinction between unstressed Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA is lost in GA, while in RP it is retained. Thus in RP, edition Шаблон:IPA and addition Шаблон:IPA are not homophones.
• Where GA has Шаблон:IPA in an unstressed syllable at the end of a morpheme, conservative RP has Шаблон:IPA, not having undergone happy-tensing. For many RP speakers, the vowel does tense word-finally, but this distinction is still retained in inflected forms (e.g. candied and candid are homophones in RP, but not in GA).
• In GA, flapping is common: when either a Шаблон:IPA or a Шаблон:IPA occurs between a sonorant phoneme and an unstressed vowel phoneme, it is realized as an alveolar-flap allophone Шаблон:IPA. This sounds like a Шаблон:IPA to RP speakers. Шаблон:IPA is an allophone of Шаблон:IPA in conservative RP. The degree of flapping varies considerably among speakers, and is often reduced in more formal settings. It does occur to an extent in nearly all speakers of American English, with better pronounced with a flap almost ubiquitously regardless of background. Pronouncing the t would be considered overly formal. This does not mean it always completely merges with bedder, as Шаблон:IPA in the latter can be somewhat longer than in better.
• Yod-dropping occurs in GA at the onset of stressed syllables after all alveolar consonants, including Шаблон:IPA;Шаблон:Sfnp i.e. historic Шаблон:IPA (from spellings u, ue, eu, ew), is pronounced Шаблон:IPA. In contrast, RP speakers:
  • always retain Шаблон:IPA after Шаблон:IPA: e.g. new is RP Шаблон:IPA, GA Шаблон:IPA;
  • retain or coalesce it after Шаблон:IPA: e.g. due is RP Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, GA Шаблон:IPA;
  • retain or drop it after Шаблон:IPA: e.g. allude is RP Шаблон:IPA or (as GA) Шаблон:IPA;
  • retain, coalesce in stressed or unstressed syllables, or drop it after Шаблон:IPA: e.g. assume is RP Шаблон:IPA, or (as GA) Шаблон:IPA.
• RP speakers also drop the yod especially in coupon and Pulitzer as Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA respectively, but many GA speakers retain it, becoming Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, although Pulitzer with the yod is widely incorrect.
• Yod-coalescence occur in both GA and RP in unstressed syllables or after a stressed vowel. RP however more often retains the yod, especially in carefully enunciated forms of words. For example, issue is RP Шаблон:IPA or (as GA) Шаблон:IPA, graduate may be carefully enunciated in RP as Шаблон:IPA, but nature is always coalesced Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp In both GA and RP, however, the sounds of word-final Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPA (spelled either s or z) can coalesce with the sound of word-initial Шаблон:IPA (spelled u or y) across word boundaries in casual or rapid speech, becoming Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPA respectively, thus this year (Шаблон:IPA) can sound like thi(s) shear/sheer. This is also found in other English accents.
• For some GA speakers from any U.S. region whose accents are derived from, or similar to, those that originate especially in California, other Western states, and even Midwestern areas, including the Upper Midwest, the unstressed I in -ing (Шаблон:IPA) is tensed (i.e., raised) and the G is dropped, so that -ing is enunciated to sound like ean (as in mean), een, or ene (as in scene; Шаблон:IPA),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn thus coding is similar to codeine (Шаблон:IPA), akin to how "in" is typically pronounced by speakers from Australia, where the target for Шаблон:IPA is closer to cardinal Шаблон:IPA, or Romance languages-speaking countries like France and Spain, whether as a standalone word or a syllable, but shorter than the long vowel of bean or the traditional RP pronunciation of been (Шаблон:IPA). However, this pronunciation is considered incorrect, but it had already been widespread in American television as early as 1990 and was described in that year's Orlando Sentinel article as a "corruption of the language" so that it has been either unconventional or nonexistent in RP.
• For some RP speakers (upper class), unlike in GA, some or all of tyre (tire), tower, and tar are homophones; this reflects the merger of the relevant vowels.Шаблон:Sfnp
• The voiceless stops /t/, /p/, and /k/ have a stronger aspiration in RP.Шаблон:Cn
• Most General American accents, but not British ones, have undergone vowel mergers before /r/: the nearer–mirror and hurry–furry mergers, and some variation of the Mary–marry–merry merger, a total three-way merger being the most common throughout North America.Шаблон:Sfnp
• GA accents usually have some degree of merging weak vowels.
• Disyllabic laxing is more common in American than in British English, with a short vowel in GA and a long vowel in RP in such words as era, patent and lever.Шаблон:Cn
• Trisyllabic laxing however is somewhat less common in GA than in RP, for example in privacy, vitamin and spherical.Шаблон:Cn

See also

• Phonological history of the English language: After the American–British split, up to the 20th century (c. AD 1725–1900) and After 1900.
• American and British English pronunciation differences
• General American
• Received Pronunciation

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite web
• Шаблон:Accents of English
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book