Английская Википедия:Comparison of Irish, Manx, and Scottish Gaelic
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Although Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic are closely related as Goidelic (a.k.a. Gaelic) Celtic languages, they are different in many ways. While most dialects are not immediately mutually comprehensible (although many individual words and phrases are), speakers of the three languages can rapidly develop mutual intelligibility.Шаблон:Cn
Phonetic and grammatical differences
The spoken dialects of Irish and Scottish Gaelic are most similar to one another in Ulster and southwestern Scotland, regions of close geographical proximity to one another. It is thought that the extinct dialect of Galwegian Gaelic, spoken in Galloway in the far south of Scotland, was very similar to Ulster Irish and Manx.
While the dialects of northern Scotland and southern Ireland tend to differ the most from one another in terms of vocabulary, they do share some features which are absent in other dialect areas lying between them. For example, in both Munster Irish and the Gaelic of the north of Scotland, historically short vowels have been diphthongised or lengthened before fortis sonorants. An example of this is the word Шаблон:Lang "children of the family". In Munster Irish and northern Scottish Gaelic it is pronounced Шаблон:IPA whereas in Ulster and County Mayo it is Шаблон:IPA and in Connemara Шаблон:IPA; the Manx form Шаблон:Lang is Шаблон:IPA in the north and Шаблон:IPA in the south.
In addition, slender coronal stops (Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA in Scottish Gaelic; Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA in Irish), are affricated (such as Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA) in Mayo[1][2] and Donegal,[3] the southern Highlands and in Manx, but not in Munster or the northern Highlands.[4]
In the verb tá of Standard Irish, northern Scotland and Central-Southern Munster agree in leniting the initial Шаблон:Vr, thus one hears Шаблон:Lang in County Waterford and County Tipperary, and Шаблон:Lang in northern Scotland. West Munster also lenites the Шаблон:Vr, but only after the preverb Шаблон:Lang "that" e.g. Шаблон:Lang "the man that's standing at the door" (Standard Irish Шаблон:Lang, Scottish Gaelic Шаблон:Lang).
The closest to Scottish Gaelic in modern Irish is the dialect currently spoken in County Donegal, as illustrated by the sentence "How are you?".
- Шаблон:Lang-gd (plural/formal) or Шаблон:Lang (singular/informal), Lewis dialect Шаблон:Lang (plural/formal) Шаблон:Lang (singular/informal) (Шаблон:Lang < Шаблон:Lang)
- Ulster Irish: Шаблон:Lang (plural) Шаблон:Lang (singular), spelt in 'dialect spelling' as Шаблон:Lang
- Connacht Irish: Шаблон:Lang (plural), Шаблон:Lang (singular), in colloquial speech Шаблон:Lang
- Munster Irish: Шаблон:Lang (plural), Шаблон:Lang (singular), Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang
Sibh is used in both Irish and Scottish Gaelic for the plural "you", while Scottish Gaelic (except for the far south) also uses Шаблон:Lang as a formal version of "you" (much like French uses Шаблон:Lang; see "T–V distinction"). Modern Irish does not use this formal/informal distinction when addressing people. The use of Шаблон:Lang as 'polite' you is a retention from the Classical Irish usage of the plural personal pronouns to refer to the singular in polite communication, thus Шаблон:Lang "we" for Шаблон:Lang "I, me" and Шаблон:Lang "you (plural)" for Шаблон:Lang "you/thou". Шаблон:Lang is used in Scottish Gaelic when speaking to an individual friend, family member, or a younger person.
The negative particle in Scottish Gaelic, Manx and Northern Ulster Irish is cha/chan (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang = "is not"; chan is from the Old Irish emphatic negative Шаблон:Lang). In standard Irish the negative particle is Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang = "is not", a contraction of Шаблон:Lang); Шаблон:Lang is a retention of the normal Old Irish negative; these are illustrated by the sentence "I have no money":
- Scottish Gaelic: Шаблон:Lang
- Ulster Irish: Шаблон:Lang
- Manx: Шаблон:Lang
- Standard Irish: Шаблон:Lang
Scottish Gaelic speakers may also sound as if they were using the Irish phrase, as Шаблон:Lang can frequently be shortened to Шаблон:Lang.
The Classical Irish digraph Шаблон:Vr Шаблон:IPA is still used in Scottish Gaelic spelling but is now obsolete in Irish, except in southern dialect writing, as a means to distinguish the vowel Шаблон:Vr when followed by a broad consonant from the regular dialect development Шаблон:Vr to Шаблон:Vr in the same environment, thus Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "bird" in comparison to Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "died; passed on). Шаблон:Vr is now used instead of Шаблон:Vr in Standard Irish. Both Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr existed in Classical Irish, to a large extent showing nominal case differences (with Шаблон:Vr varying with Шаблон:Vr in the dative of Шаблон:Vr-words), however in both Scotland and Ireland, spelling reforms and standardisation (which took place in Ireland under the auspices of the government of Ireland during the 20th century, and much earlier in Scotland) independently went for different versions.
At times Scottish writers used the spelling Шаблон:Vr to represent how the combination is pronounced in northern dialects, writing Шаблон:Vr instead of Шаблон:Vr, the southern form. Manx spelling, based mainly on English, shows that Шаблон:Vr is also the underlying form in Manx, the word being spelled Шаблон:Vr.
Eclipsis
The most obvious phonological difference between Irish and Scottish Gaelic is that the phenomenon of eclipsis in Irish is diachronic (i.e. the result of a historical word-final nasal that may or may not be present in modern Irish) but fully synchronic in Scottish Gaelic (i.e. it requires the actual presence of a word-final nasal except for a tiny set of frozen forms). Eclipsis is shown in Irish orthography but not in Scottish Gaelic as it is conditioned by the actual environment.
For example, this means that phrases like Standard Irish Шаблон:Lang, standard Scottish Gaelic Шаблон:Lang†, Manx Шаблон:Lang is pronounced as follows in different parts of the Gaelic speaking world:
- Southern Irish: Шаблон:IPA-ga
- Western and Northern Irish: Шаблон:IPA-ga
- Scottish Gaelic (casual pronunciation, especially Lewis): Шаблон:IPA-gd, more commonly Шаблон:IPA-gd further south, with fully voiced Шаблон:Vr.[5]
An example of diachronic-type eclipsis are the numbers:
- Irish: Шаблон:Lang "year" > Шаблон:Lang "8 years"
- Scottish Gaelic: Шаблон:Lang > Шаблон:Lang
† In conservative speech, Scottish Gaelic feminine nouns also slenderise in the dative (prepositional) case, giving Шаблон:Lang, and so a different final consonant. This feature is uncommon today except in more formal registers and is ignored here.[6]
Orthographic differences
There are a number of distinctive orthographical (written) differences. The spellings of both languages have been reformed in recent decades, which has led to further divergence, though conversely more recent spelling reforms in Scottish Gaelic have reduced the divergences to some extent.
One difference is that the accent is written as a grave accent (Шаблон:Lang-gd, "heavy stroke/accent") in Scottish Gaelic, as opposed to the acute accent (Шаблон:Lang, "long (sign)" used in Irish; hence the word for "welcome" is written as Шаблон:Lang in Scottish Gaelic and in Irish as Шаблон:Lang. Irish does not use the grave accent, while until recently Scottish Gaelic used the grave and acute accents to differentiate between open and closed vowel sounds. However, recent spelling reform has meant that only grave accents are now in Scottish Gaelic, leaving phonemic distinctions unmarked.
Another difference in Scottish Gaelic is that the aspirate linker Шаблон:Lang is always hyphenated, while in Irish it is attached to the beginning of the word, as illustrated by the languages' respective names for each other:
- Scottish Gaelic — Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang
- Standard Irish — Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang
Additionally, while the linkers Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang are usually hyphenated in both languages, in Irish they are attached to the beginning of words whose first letter is capitalised; in Scottish Gaelic they are always hyphenated.
A number of letter combinations are possible in written Irish which are not found in Scottish Gaelic e.g. Шаблон:Vr, Шаблон:Vr. Irish uses Шаблон:Vr where Scottish Gaelic uses Шаблон:Vr, although Шаблон:Vr itself was once common in written Irish, as was Шаблон:Vr in Scottish Gaelic – both being used in Classical Gaelic. In the combinations Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr, Irish now uses Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr, while Scottish Gaelic uses Шаблон:Vr and both Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr, despite there being no phonetic difference between the two languages.[7]
Most obvious differences in spelling result from the deletion of silent lenited digraphs (mainly Шаблон:Vr, Шаблон:Vr, and Шаблон:Vr) in Irish in spelling reforms, which was only sometimes done in Scottish Gaelic. Overall, Scottish Gaelic orthography is more conservative than that of Irish.
List of cognates
Differences in vocabulary
| English | Irish | Scottish Gaelic | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| America | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Bible | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| cold (sickness) | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Meaning illness |
| England | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Germany | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| in | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | In Classical Irish the forms were "i", "a", "in", "an" – "i/in" when the following sound was slender, and "a/an" when the following sound was broad. In both Irish and Scottish, in the spoken language, the four forms of "i", "a", "in", "an" still exist. |
| London | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| minister | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | In Irish, Шаблон:Lang for a government minister |
| road | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| talking | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang (formerly Шаблон:Lang) in Irish means "fighting", "quarrelling." Шаблон:Lang in Scottish Gaelic is used as a noun only, meaning "speech," except in Arran where it is also a verb[9] |
Differences can also be seen in words used for geographical features. For example, "hill" and "mountain" are usually "cnoc" (Knocknapeasta) and "sliabh" (Slieve Donard) respectively in Ireland, but "càrn" (Cairn Gorm) and "beinn" (Ben Nevis) in Scotland. Additionally, "inbhir," meaning "river mouth" and usually Anglicized as "inver" (for example Inverness or Inveraray), very common in Scotland, is almost never seen in Ireland.
False friends
| Irish | English | Scottish Gaelic | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Wales | A' Bhreatainn Bheag | Brittany | Шаблон:Lang (Britain) is the same in both. The Scottish Gaelic equivalent for Wales is Шаблон:Lang, a Gaelicisation of an Anglicisation of the Welsh Шаблон:Lang. The Irish for Brittany is Шаблон:Lang from Latin "Britannia". |
| Шаблон:Lang | harbour | Шаблон:Lang | ocean | A number of words are used in both languages for "ocean" and "sea", such as aigéan/aigeun, an fharraige. Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang (also in the compound "calafort" < "cala-phort") are commonly used in Irish for "harbour". |
| Шаблон:Lang | He walked | Шаблон:Lang | He died | Шаблон:Lang means "walk" or "stroll" in Scottish Gaelic, but is also a euphemism for death |
Comparison of text
Article 1 of the UDHR in the languages:
| Language | Text |
|---|---|
| English | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.[10] |
| Irish | Saolaítear gach duine den chine daonna saor agus comhionann i ndínit agus i gcearta. Tá bua an réasúin agus an choinsiasa acu agus ba cheart dóibh gníomhú i dtreo a chéile i spiorad an bhráithreachais.[11] |
| Manx | Ta dy chooilley ghooinney ruggit seyr as corrym rish dy chooilley ghooinney elley ayns ooashley as ayns cairys. Ta resoon as cooinsheanse stowit orroo as lhisagh ad dellal rish y cheilley lesh spyrryd braaragh.[12] |
| Scottish Gaelic | Rugadh na h-uile duine saor agus co-ionnan nan urram 's nan còirichean. Tha iad reusanta is cogaiseach, agus bu chòir dhaibh a ghiùlain ris a chèile ann an spiorad bràthaireil.[13] |
See also
- An Caighdeán Oifigiúil (standard of orthography and grammar used by the Government of Ireland)
- Dialect continuum
- Early Modern Irish
- Middle Irish
- Old Irish
References
- ↑ de Búrca, Seán (1958), The Irish of Tourmakeady, Co. Mayo, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Шаблон:ISBN pp=24–25
- ↑ Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968), The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Шаблон:ISBN pp=36–37
- ↑ Wagner, Heinrich (1959), Gaeilge Theilinn (in Irish), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Шаблон:ISBN pp=9–10
- ↑ Ó Dochartaigh, C. Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland I-V Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (1997) Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Uidhist a Deas: (Téacsleabhar). 58. Gordon Mac Gill-Fhinnein. Institiúid Árd-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath, 1966.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
