Английская Википедия:Computational linguistics
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Linguistics
Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the computational modelling of natural language, as well as the study of appropriate computational approaches to linguistic questions. In general, computational linguistics draws upon linguistics, computer science, artificial intelligence, mathematics, logic, philosophy, cognitive science, cognitive psychology, psycholinguistics, anthropology and neuroscience, among others.
Origins
The field overlapped with artificial intelligence since the efforts in the United States in the 1950s to use computers to automatically translate texts from foreign languages, particularly Russian scientific journals, into English.[1] Since rule-based approaches were able to make arithmetic (systematic) calculations much faster and more accurately than humans, it was expected that lexicon, morphology, syntax and semantics can be learned using explicit rules, as well. After the failure of rule-based approaches, David Hays[2] coined the term in order to distinguish the field from AI and co-founded both the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) and the International Committee on Computational Linguistics (ICCL) in the 1970s and 1980s. What started as an effort to translate between languages evolved into a much wider field of natural language processing.[3][4]
Annotated corpora
In order to be able to meticulously study the English language, an annotated text corpus was much needed. The Penn Treebank[5] was one of the most used corpora. It consisted of IBM computer manuals, transcribed telephone conversations, and other texts, together containing over 4.5 million words of American English, annotated using both part-of-speech tagging and syntactic bracketing.[6]
Japanese sentence corpora were analyzed and a pattern of log-normality was found in relation to sentence length.[7]
Modeling language acquisition
The fact that during language acquisition, children are largely only exposed to positive evidence,[8] meaning that the only evidence for what is a correct form is provided, and no evidence for what is not correct,[9] was a limitation for the models at the time because the now available deep learning models were not available in late 1980s.[10]
It has been shown that languages can be learned with a combination of simple input presented incrementally as the child develops better memory and longer attention span,[11] which explained the long period of language acquisition in human infants and children.[11]
Robots have been used to test linguistic theories.[12] Enabled to learn as children might, models were created based on an affordance model in which mappings between actions, perceptions, and effects were created and linked to spoken words. Crucially, these robots were able to acquire functioning word-to-meaning mappings without needing grammatical structure.
Using the Price equation and Pólya urn dynamics, researchers have created a system which not only predicts future linguistic evolution but also gives insight into the evolutionary history of modern-day languages.[13]
Chomsky's theories
Attempts have been made to determine how an infant learns a "non-normal grammar" as theorized by Chomsky normal form without learning an "overgeneralized version" and "getting stuck".[9]
See also
- Artificial intelligence in fiction
- Collostructional analysis
- Computational lexicology
- Computational Linguistics (journal)
- Computational models of language acquisition
- Computational semantics
- Computational semiotics
- Computer-assisted reviewing
- Dialog systems
- Glottochronology
- Grammar induction
- Human speechome project
- Internet linguistics
- Lexicostatistics
- Natural language processing
- Natural language user interface
- Quantitative linguistics
- Semantic relatedness
- Semantometrics
- Systemic functional linguistics
- Translation memory
- Universal Networking Language
References
Further reading
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Steven Bird, Ewan Klein, and Edward Loper (2009). Natural Language Processing with Python. O'Reilly Media. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Daniel Jurafsky and James H. Martin (2008). Speech and Language Processing, 2nd edition. Pearson Prentice Hall. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Mohamed Zakaria KURDI (2016). Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics: speech, morphology, and syntax, Volume 1. ISTE-Wiley. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Mohamed Zakaria KURDI (2017). Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics: semantics, discourse, and applications, Volume 2. ISTE-Wiley. Шаблон:ISBN.
External links
Шаблон:Wikiversity Шаблон:Commons category
- Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)
- CICLing annual conferences on Computational Linguistics Шаблон:Webarchive
- Computational Linguistics – Applications workshop
- Шаблон:Webarchive
- Language Technology World
- Resources for Text, Speech and Language Processing
- The Research Group in Computational Linguistics Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ John Hutchins: Retrospect and prospect in computer-based translation. Шаблон:Webarchive Proceedings of MT Summit VII, 1999, pp. 30–44.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Natural Language Processing by Liz Liddy, Eduard Hovy, Jimmy Lin, John Prager, Dragomir Radev, Lucy Vanderwende, Ralph Weischedel
- ↑ Arnold B. Barach: Translating Machine 1975: And the Changes To Come.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Bowerman, M. (1988). The "no negative evidence" problem: How do children avoid constructing an overly general grammar. Explaining language universals.
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Braine, M.D.S. (1971). On two types of models of the internalization of grammars. In D.I. Slobin (Ed.), The ontogenesis of grammar: A theoretical perspective. New York: Academic Press.
- ↑ Powers, D.M.W. & Turk, C.C.R. (1989). Machine Learning of Natural Language. Springer-Verlag. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
