Английская Википедия:Congaree National Park
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox protected area Congaree National Park is a Шаблон:Convert American national park in central South Carolina, 18 miles southeast of the state capital, Columbia. The park preserves the largest tract of old growth bottomland hardwood forest left in the United States. The lush trees growing in its floodplain forest are some of the tallest in the eastern United States, forming one of the highest temperate deciduous forest canopies remaining in the world. The Congaree River flows through the park. About Шаблон:Convert are designated as a wilderness area.
The park received its official designation in 2003 as the culmination of a grassroots campaign that began in 1969. With 145,929 visitors in 2018, it ranks as the United States' 10th-least visited national park, just behind Nevada's Great Basin National Park.[1]
Park history
Pre-park
Resource extraction on the Congaree River centered on cypress logging from 1898 when the Santee River Cypress Logging Company began to operate in the area of what is now the park. Owned by Francis Beidler and Benjamin F. Ferguson of Chicago, the company operated until 1914; subsequently, Beidler and his heirs retained ownership of the area. In the 1950s Harry R. E. Hampton was a member of the Cedar Creek Hunt Club and co-editor of The State.[2] Hampton joined with Peter Manigault at the Charleston The Post and Courier to advocate preservation of the Congaree floodplain. Hampton formed the Beidler Forest Preservation Association in 1961. As a result of this advocacy a 1963 study by the National Park Service reported favorably on the establishment of a national monument.[3]
Monument establishment
No progress was made in the 1960s. Renewed logging by the Beidlers in 1969 prompted the 1972 formation of the Congaree Swamp National Preserve Association (CSNPA). The CSNPA joined forces with the Sierra Club and other conservation organizations to promote federal legislation to preserve the tract. South Carolina Senators Strom Thurmond and Ernest F. Hollings introduced legislation in 1975 for the establishment of a national preserve. On October 18, 1976, legislation was passed to create Congaree Swamp National Monument. An expansion plan was introduced by Hollings and Thurmond in 1988, expanding the monument to Шаблон:Convert.[3]
Conversion to a national park
Over two-thirds of the national monument was designated a wilderness area on October 24, 1988, and it became an Important Bird Area on July 26, 2001. Congress redesignated the monument Congaree National Park on November 10, 2003, dropping the misleading "swamp" from the name, and simultaneously expanded its authorized boundary by approximately Шаблон:Convert. As of December 31, 2011, approximately Шаблон:Convert of the park are in federal ownership.[4][3]
Environment
The park preserves a significant part of the Middle Atlantic coastal forests ecoregion.[5] Although it is frequently referred to as a swamp, it is largely bottomland subject to periodic inundation by floodwaters.[4]
It has been designated an old growth forest and part of the Old Growth Forest Network. The park also has one of the largest concentrations of champion trees in the world, with the tallest known examples of 15 species. Champion trees include a Шаблон:Convert 361-point loblolly pine, a Шаблон:Convert 384-point sweetgum, a Шаблон:Convert 465-point cherrybark oak, a Шаблон:Convert 354-point American elm, a Шаблон:Convert 356-point swamp chestnut oak, a Шаблон:Convert 371-point overcup oak, and a Шаблон:Convert 219-point common persimmon.[6][7]
Large animals possibly seen in the park include bobcats, deer, feral pigs, feral dogs, coyotes, armadillos, turkeys, and otters. Its waters contain interesting creatures like amphibians, turtles, snakes, and many types of fish, including bowfin, alligator gar, and catfish.[8]
Amenities and attractions
In addition to being a designated wilderness area, a UNESCO biosphere reserve, an important bird area and a national natural landmark, Congaree National Park features primitive campsites and offers hiking, canoeing, kayaking, and bird watching. The park is also a popular spot for watching firefly displays on summer evenings. Primitive and backcountry camping are available. Some of the hiking trails include the Bluff Trail (0.7 mi), Weston Lake Loop Trail (4.6 mi), Oakridge Trail (7.5 mi), and King Snake Trail (11.1 mi) where hikers may spot deer, raccoon, opossum, and even bobcat tracks. The National Park Service rangers have current trail conditions which can be found in the Harry Hampton Visitor Center. Along with hiking trails, the park also has a Шаблон:Convert marked canoe trail on Cedar Creek.
Most visitors to the park walk along the Boardwalk Loop, an elevated Шаблон:Convert walkway through the swampy environment that protects delicate fungi and plant life at ground level. Congaree boasts both the tallest (Шаблон:Convert) and largest (42 cubic meters) loblolly pines (Pinus taeda) alive today as well as several cypress trees well over 500 years old. The Harry Hampton Visitor Center features exhibits about the natural history of the park, and the efforts to protect the swamp.
Monthly volunteer-led hikes are offered on some of the longer trails to give visitors an opportunity to get off the boardwalk and up close to nature.
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Congaree National Park has a Humid subtropical climate (Cfa).
Geology
The park resides entirely within the Congaree River Floodplain Complex with flood deposits of sand, silt, and clay. Muck and peat are the products of vegetation decay. The meander of the river has produced distinctive oxbow lakes. North of the park is the NE-SW regional trending Augusta Fault and the Terrace Complex consisting of Pliocene fluvial terraces. South of the park is the Southern Bluffs, which have been eroding since the Late Pleistocene. West of the park is the Fall Line and Piedmont.[9]
Documentary
In 2008, South Carolina Educational Television (SCETV) produced a documentary on the history of the Congaree National Park titled Roots in the River: The Story of Congaree National Park. The documentary featured interviews with people involved in the movement that eventually led to the area's U.S. National Monument status, and observed the role the park plays in the surrounding community of the Lower Richland County area of South Carolina. The program first aired on the SCETV network in September 2009.
See also
References
- Notes
- Sources
- The National Parks: Index 2001–2003. Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior.
- https://web.archive.org/web/20110722135216/http://www.scetv.org/index.php/press/release/etv_to_broadcast_new_carolina_stories_documentary_roots_in_the_river
External links
- Official site: Congaree National Park
- Friends of Congaree Swamp
- Wilderness.net page on the park Шаблон:Webarchive
- Panoramic photo of the exhibits in the Harry Hampton Visitor Center
Шаблон:National parks of the United States Шаблон:Protected areas of South Carolina Шаблон:Ramsar sites in the United States
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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