Английская Википедия:Connacht Irish
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Connacht Irish (Шаблон:Lang-ga) is the dialect of the Irish language spoken in the province of Connacht. Gaeltacht regions in Connacht are found in Counties Mayo (notably Tourmakeady, Achill Island and Erris) and Galway (notably in parts of Connemara and on the Aran Islands). Connacht Irish is also spoken in the Meath Gealtacht Ráth Chairn and Baile Ghib. The dialects of Irish in Connacht are extremely diverse, with the pronunciation, forms and lexicon being different even within each county.
The Irish of South Connemara is often considered the "standard" Connacht Irish owing to the number of speakers however it is unique within Connacht and has a lot more idiomatic connection to extinct dialects in North Clare (for example "acab" instead of "acu" in the rest of Connacht). Words such as Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang tend to be pronounced with a Munster accent in South Connemara whereas in Joyce Country, Galway City and Mayo they are pronounced with the Ulster pronunciation. In addition to this the standard in Connacht would be to pronounce the words Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang as "leofa" and "dófa" however in South Connemara and Aran they are pronounced "leothab" and "dóib". Lexical and pronunciation differences exist within Mayo with Tourmakeady featuring an "í" sound in vowel endings much more commonly. In addition to this the lexicon of Dún Chaocháin to the east of Belmullet tends to be far more Ulster influenced than that of Eachléim (Шаблон:Lang vs Шаблон:Lang) and there is a huge Ulster influence on the dialect of North Mayo in general owing to historic migration. The Irish of Eachréidh na Gaillimhe and Dúiche Sheoigheach tend to share more phonetic commonalities with neighbouring Mayo than with South Connemara
Documented sub-dialects include those of Cois FharraigeШаблон:Refn and Conamara Theas,Шаблон:Refn both of which are in Galway, and Erris in Mayo.
Lexicon
Some differences between Mayo and Galway are seen in the lexicon:
| Mayo | Galway | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | I hear |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Difficult |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | New |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Sore |
Some words used in Connacht Irish that are not found in other dialects include:Шаблон:Sfn
| Connacht | Standard | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Meet, uses verbal noun of Шаблон:Lang |
| Шаблон:Lang | - | Young child; Mayo, Munster & Ulster: Young boy |
| Шаблон:Lang | Munster: Шаблон:Lang | Kitchen |
Variant spellings include:
| Connacht | Standard | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | verbal noun of Шаблон:Lang: To come |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Again |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Captain |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Cousin |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Farm, Farmer |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Ever / Never |
Variants distinctive of, but not unique to Connacht include:
- Шаблон:Lang, "potato", "potatoes"
- Шаблон:Lang, "whiskey"
- Шаблон:Lang, emphatic form Шаблон:Lang for the first person plural pronoun, Ulster Irish uses this form as well, whereas Munster Irish uses Шаблон:Lang although Шаблон:Lang are used in Mayo, particularly in the Erris dialect.
- Шаблон:Lang, "every" (contraction of gach + uile)
Phonology
The phonemic inventory of Connacht Irish (based on the Tourmakeady accentШаблон:Sfn) is as shown in the following chart (see International Phonetic Alphabet for an explanation of the symbols). Symbols appearing in the upper half of each row are velarized (traditionally called "broad" consonants) while those in the bottom half are palatalized ("slender"). The consonant Шаблон:IPA is neither broad nor slender.
The vowels of Connacht Irish are as shown on the following chart. These positions are only approximate, as vowels are strongly influenced by the palatalization and velarization of surrounding consonants.
In addition, Connacht has the diphthongs Шаблон:IPA.
Some characteristics of Connacht that distinguish it from the other dialects are:
- In some varieties, vowel lengthening before word-internal clusters of voiced plosive + liquid (e.g. Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang "church")
- In some varieties (e.g. in Erris Irish (County Mayo)Шаблон:Sfn and, as seen in the table above, in Tourmakeady) a four-way distinction among coronal nasals and laterals: Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, often without lengthening of orthographic short vowels before them.
- In the variety spoken in Cois Fharraige (the area along the north shore of Galway Bay between Barna and Casla), underlying short Шаблон:IPA is realized as a long front Шаблон:IPA while underlying long Шаблон:IPA is realized as a back Шаблон:IPA.
- Шаблон:IPA is realized as Шаблон:IPA (or is replaced by Шаблон:IPA) after consonants other than Шаблон:IPA. This happens in Ulster as well.
- Broad Шаблон:Lang is rendered Шаблон:IPA even in initial positions, with a few exceptions.
- The inflected pronouns agam, agat and againn are usually reduced into monosyllables Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA.
- The prepositions Шаблон:Lang are both realised as Шаблон:IPA and their inflected forms are frequently pronounced (and sometimes written) in their lenited forms.
- The preposition-article compound Шаблон:Lang (i + an "in the") causes eclipsis, where it causes lenition in the Caighdeán and in the other dialects.
Morphology
Nouns
In some dialects of Connacht the plural endings Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang are always replaced by -annaí and -achaí. It is also common in many Gaelic-speaking areas of Connemara that the dative singular form of all 2nd declension nouns has been generally adopted as the nominative, giving these nouns the typical ending in palatalized consonants in the nominative singular. This is indicated in the spelling by the letter i before the final consonant.
| Connemara form | Standard form | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Plural ending |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Shoe |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Craft |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Ear |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Foot, Leg |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Hand |
Verbs
Irish conjugation is characterized by having a mixture of synthetic forms (Шаблон:Lang), which provide information about person and number in the verb ending, and analytic forms (Шаблон:Lang), which require the addition of a pronoun. In Galway and Mayo, as in Ulster, the analytic forms are used in a variety of forms where the standard language has synthetic forms, e.g. Шаблон:Lang "we praise" (standard Шаблон:Lang) or Шаблон:Lang "they would praise" (standard Шаблон:Lang). However, the synthetic forms, including those no longer included in the standard language, may be used in answering questions.
| Connemara | Standard | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | I make/do |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | I eat |
Connacht Irish favours the interrogative pronoun Шаблон:Lang and forms based on it such as Шаблон:Lang, "when" instead of Munster Шаблон:Lang, or Шаблон:Lang instead of Munster/Ulster Шаблон:Lang. Relative forms of the verb such as Шаблон:Lang for Шаблон:Lang, "will be", or Шаблон:Lang, "do", for Шаблон:Lang are frequently used.
Notable speakers
Шаблон:Expand section Some notable Irish singers who sing songs in the Connacht Irish dialect include Seosamh Ó hÉanaí, MacDara O Conaola, Darach Ó Catháin, Seán Mac Donncha and Máire Áine Ní Dhonnchadha.
Notes
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite report
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Literature
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book [folklore about the sea and seaweed, Cois Fhairrge]
- Шаблон:Cite book [short stories, Maigh Cuilinn]
- Шаблон:Cite book [short stories, Maigh Cuilinn]
- Шаблон:Cite book [folklore, Maigh Cuilinn]
- Шаблон:Cite book [short stories, Maigh Cuilinn]
- Шаблон:Cite book [novel, Maigh Cuilinn]
- Шаблон:Cite book [short stories, Maigh Cuilinn]
- Шаблон:Cite book [novel, Maigh Cuilinn]
- Шаблон:Cite book [storytelling of Tomás Laighléis, Mionlach]
- Шаблон:Cite book [autobiography]
- Шаблон:Cite book [short stories and journalism]
- Шаблон:Cite book [folklore, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [biography, Aran Islands]
- Шаблон:Cite book [collection of writings by Mícheál Breathnach, Cois Fhairrge]
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book [local history, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [stories, Northern Mayo]
- Шаблон:Cite book [memoirs, Northern Mayo]
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book [Northern Mayo]
- Шаблон:Cite book [folklore, Aran Islands]
- Шаблон:Cite book [autobiography, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [folklore, eastern Galway]
- Шаблон:Cite book [novel, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [short stories, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [short stories, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [short stories, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [short stories, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [essays, journalism, history, politics, miscellany, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [short stories, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [novel, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [journalism, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [essays, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [history, politics, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [novel, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [research and opinions, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [short stories, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [folklore, Achill Island]
- Шаблон:Cite book [folklore, Northern Mayo]
- Шаблон:Cite book [folklore, Northern Mayo]
- Шаблон:Cite book [novel, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [novel, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [short stories, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [folklore, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [local history, Aran Islands]
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book [story, Aran Islands]
- Шаблон:Cite book [story, Aran Islands]
- Шаблон:Cite book [folklore, Aran Islands]
- Шаблон:Cite book [short stories, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book [novel, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [folklore, autobiography, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [West Galway]
- Шаблон:Cite book [folklore, Bearna/Na Forbacha]
- Шаблон:Cite book [autobiography, Aran Islands]
- Шаблон:Cite book [poetry, Aran Islands]
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book [novel, Tourmakeady]
- Шаблон:Cite book [short stories, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [short stories, Aran Islands]
- Шаблон:Cite book [autobiography, Ros Muc]
- Шаблон:Cite book [folklore, memoirs, autobiography, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [autobiography, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [novel, Aran Islands]
- Шаблон:Cite book [novel, Aran Islands]
- Шаблон:Cite book [journalism, Aran Islands]
- Шаблон:Cite book [local history, Southern Mayo]
- Шаблон:Cite book [lexicon, expressions, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [history, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book [short stories, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [novel, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [novel, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book [novel, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [novel, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [novel, Connemara]
- Шаблон:Cite book [Northern Mayo]
- Шаблон:Cite book [memoirs and folklore, Ros Muc]
- Шаблон:Cite book [folklore, Achill Island]
Music
External links
- Boston and the Irish Language: Fifty Years of Cultural Connection in Oral History
- Gaeilge Chonamara - An Ghaeilge mar a labhraítear i gConamara í
- Irish language in Mayo
Шаблон:Gaeltacht Шаблон:Irish linguistics Шаблон:Gaelic literature Шаблон:Connachta
