Английская Википедия:Consonant voicing and devoicing

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Sound change Шаблон:Use American English Шаблон:IPA notice

In phonology, voicing (or sonorization) is a sound change where a voiceless consonant becomes voiced due to the influence of its phonological environment; shift in the opposite direction is referred to as devoicing or desonorization. Most commonly, the change is a result of sound assimilation with an adjacent sound of opposite voicing, but it can also occur word-finally or in contact with a specific vowel.

For example, the English suffix -s is pronounced Шаблон:IPA when it follows a voiceless phoneme (cats), and Шаблон:IPA when it follows a voiced phoneme (dogs).Шаблон:Sfnp This type of assimilation is called progressive, where the second consonant assimilates to the first; regressive assimilation goes in the opposite direction, as can be seen in have to Шаблон:IPA.

English

English no longer has a productive process of voicing stem-final fricatives when forming noun-verb pairs or plural nouns, but there are still examples of voicing from earlier in the history of English:

Synchronically, the assimilation at morpheme boundaries is still productive, such as in:Шаблон:Sfnp

The voicing alternation found in plural formation is losing ground in the modern language,Шаблон:Citation needed. Of the alternations listed below many speakers retain only the Шаблон:IPA pattern, which is supported by the orthography. This voicing of Шаблон:IPA is a relic of Old English, at a time when the unvoiced consonants between voiced vowels were 'colored' by an allophonic voicing (lenition) rule Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA. As the language became more analytic and less inflectional, final vowels or syllables stopped being pronounced. For example, modern knives is a one syllable word instead of a two syllable word, with the vowel e not pronounced and no longer part of the word's structure. The voicing alternation between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA occurs now as realizations of separate phonemes Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA. The alternation pattern is well maintained for the items listed immediately below, but its loss as a productive allophonic rule permits its abandonment for new usages of even well-established terms: while leaf~leaves in reference to 'outgrowth of plant stem' remains vigorous, the Toronto ice hockey team is uncontroversially named the Maple Leafs.

  • knife – knives
  • leaf – leaves
  • wife – wives
  • wolf – wolves

The following mutations are optional:Шаблон:Citation needed

Sonorants (Шаблон:IPA) following aspirated fortis plosives (that is, Шаблон:IPA in the onsets of stressed syllables unless preceded by Шаблон:IPA) are devoiced such as in please, crack, twin, and pewter.Шаблон:Sfnp

Several varieties of English have a productive synchronic rule of /t/-voicing whereby intervocalic /t/ not followed by a stressed vowel is realized as voiced alveolar flap [ɾ], as in tutor, with the first /t/ pronounced as voiceless aspirated [tʰ] and the second as voiced [ɾ]. Voiced phoneme /d/ can also emerge as [ɾ], so that tutor and Tudor may be homophones, both with [ɾ] (the voiceless identity of word-internal /t/ in tutor is manifested in tutorial, where stress shift assures [tʰ]).

In other languages

Voicing assimilation

Шаблон:Main In many languages, including Polish and Russian, there is anticipatory assimilation of unvoiced obstruents immediately before voiced obstruents. For example, Russian Шаблон:Lang 'request' is pronounced Шаблон:IPA (instead of Шаблон:IPA) and Polish Шаблон:Lang 'request' is pronounced Шаблон:IPA (instead of Шаблон:IPA). The process can cross word boundaries as well: Russian Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'daughter would'. The opposite type of anticipatory assimilation happens to voiced obstruents before unvoiced ones: Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA.

In Italian, Шаблон:IPA before a voiced consonant is pronounced Шаблон:IPA within any phonological word: Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'mistake', Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'sled', Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'slender'. The rule applies across morpheme boundaries (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'cancel') and word boundaries (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'black pencil'). This voicing is productive and so it applies also to borrowings, not only to native lexicon: Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA.

Final devoicing

Шаблон:Main Final devoicing is a systematic phonological process occurring in languages such as German, Dutch, Polish, Russian and Catalan.[1]Шаблон:Page needed Such languages have voiced obstruents in the syllable coda or at the end of a word become voiceless.

Initial voicing

Initial voicing is a process of historical sound change in which voiceless consonants become voiced at the beginning of a word. For example, modern German Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, Yiddish Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, and Dutch Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA (all "say") all begin with Шаблон:IPA, which derives from Шаблон:IPA in an earlier stage of Germanic, as is still attested in English say, Swedish Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, and Icelandic Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA. Some English dialects were affected as well, but it is rare in Modern English. One example is fox (with the original consonant) compared to vixen (with a voiced consonant).

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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