Английская Википедия:Constantine Angelos

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:For Шаблон:Infobox military person Constantine Angelos (Шаблон:Lang-gr; Шаблон:C. – after 1166) was a Byzantine aristocrat who married into the Komnenian dynasty and served as a military commander under Manuel I Komnenos, serving in the western and northern Balkans and as an admiral against the Normans. He was the founder of the Angelos dynasty, which went on to rule the Byzantine Empire in 1185–1204 and found and rule the Despotate of Epirus (1205–1318) and the Empire of Thessalonica (1224–1242/46).

Life

Constantine was born in Шаблон:C. to an obscure family of the local aristocracy of Philadelphia.Шаблон:Sfn The family's surname, "Angelos", is commonly held to have derived from the Greek word for "angel", but such an origin is rarely attested in Byzantine times, and it is possible that their name instead derives from A[n]gel, a district near Amida in Upper Mesopotamia.Шаблон:Sfn The historian Suzanne Wittek-de Jongh suggested that Constantine was the son of a certain patrikios Manuel Angelos, whose possessions near Serres were confirmed by a chrysobull of Emperor Nikephoros III (Шаблон:Reign), but this is considered unlikely by other scholars.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Manuel I Comnenus.jpg
Manuscript miniature of Manuel I, Vatican Library, Rome

Despite his lowly origin, Constantine was reportedly brave and exceedingly beautiful,Шаблон:Sfn and managed to win the heart of Theodora Komnene (born 1097), the fourth daughter of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (Шаблон:Reign) and Irene Doukaina. Theodora had already been married once, to Constantine Kourtikes, but her husband had died without having had children.Шаблон:Sfn The marriage probably took place in Шаблон:C., certainly after the death of Alexios I; Empress Irene apparently disapproved of it, and it seems to have soured her relations with Theodora, who is listed last and with the least favourable provisions in the typikon that Irene granted to the Kecharitomene Monastery.Шаблон:Sfn

Constantine's marriage lifted him out of obscurity, and gave him the title of sebastohypertatos,Шаблон:Sfn one of the highest Byzantine dignities, given to the husbands of an emperor's younger daughters. The rank may have been created specifically for Constantine, as he is one of the first two recorded holders.Шаблон:Sfn His activities during the reign of Theodora's brother John II Komnenos (Шаблон:Reign) are unknown, but he, like his brothers, Nicholas, John, and Michael, enjoyed the favour of John's son and successor, Manuel I Komnenos (Шаблон:Reign).Шаблон:Sfn Thus on 26 February 1147 he participated in the church council of Blachernae that deposed Patriarch Cosmas II Attikos, being ranked in fourth place behind the heir-apparent, despotes Bela-Alexios, the Caesar John Rogerios Dalassenos, and the panhypersebastos Stephen Kontostephanos.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In summer 1149, he accompanied Emperor Manuel in his campaign in Dalmatia. After Manuel captured the fortress of Razon, Constantine was left to guard the area, and launched an expedition into the Nishava valley.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In 1154, as Manuel prepared for war with William I of Sicily, he gave his uncle command of the Byzantine fleet and ordered him to proceed to Monemvasia, where to await further reinforcements. Constantine, however, was persuaded by his astrologers that if he attacked the Sicilians he would win. Disobeying the Emperor's orders, he proceeded to intercept a far larger Sicilian fleet returning from a raid against Fatimid Egypt. In the ensuing engagement, the Byzantines were defeated and most of their ships were captured. His brother Nicholas managed to escape with a handful of ships, but Constantine was captured and imprisoned in Palermo until 1158, when Manuel concluded a peace treaty with William.Шаблон:Sfn

In June or July 1166, Emperor Manuel charged him and Basil Tripsychos with repairing and strengthening the fortifications of Zemun, Belgrade, and Niš, and generally strengthen Byzantium's frontier with Hungary along the middle Danube. As part of this process, he organized the resettlement of Braničevo.Шаблон:Sfn The date of his death is unknown; his wife possibly predeceased him, as she is last mentioned in 1136.Шаблон:Sfn

Children

Through his marriage with Theodora, Constantine had seven children, three sons and four daughters.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Through his sons, Constantine was the progenitor of the Angelos dynasty, which produced three Byzantine emperors in 1185–1204, as well as the "Angelos Komnenos Doukas" dynasty that ruled over Epirus and Thessalonica in the 13th–14th centuries.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Identity

Beginning with Du Cange, many earlier historians distinguished between two persons of this name, since the sources record that a minor noble named Constantine Angelos, from Philadelphia, married the fourth daughter of Alexios I Komnenos and received the title of pansebastohypertatos, whereas the Constantine Angelos, uncle of Manuel I and active during the latter's reign, is recorded in the sources as a sebastohypertatos. However, in 1961 Lucien Stiernon demonstrated that the two persons are in fact the same, with pansebastohypertatos being merely a rhetorical augmentation of the proper title.Шаблон:Sfn

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

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