Английская Википедия:Continental climate
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:More citations needed
Continental climates often have a significant annual variation in temperature (warm summers and cold winters). They tend to occur in central and eastern parts of the three northern-tier continents (North America, Europe, and Asia), typically in the middle latitudes (40 to 55 or 60 degrees north), often within large landmasses, where prevailing winds blow overland bringing some precipitation, and temperatures are not moderated by oceans. Continental climates occur mostly in the Northern Hemisphere due to the large landmasses found there. Most of northern and northeastern China, eastern and southeastern Europe, much of Russia south of the arctic circle, central and southeastern Canada, and the central and northeastern United States have this type of climate.[1] Continentality is a measure of the degree to which a region experiences this type of climate.[1]
In continental climates, precipitation tends to be moderate in amount, concentrated mostly in the warmer months. Only a few areas—in the mountains of the Pacific Northwest of North America and in Iran, northern Iraq, adjacent Turkey, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Central Asia—show a winter maximum in precipitation. A portion of the annual precipitation falls as snowfall, and snow often remains on the ground for more than a month. Summers in continental climates can feature thunderstorms and frequent hot temperatures; however, summer weather is somewhat more stable than winter weather. Continental climates are considered as temperate climate varieties due to their location in the temperate zones,[2][3] but are classified separately from other temperate climates in the Köppen climate classification system where they are identified by their first letter, a capital D. In the Trewartha climate classification, they are identified as Dc.
Köppen climate classification
Continental climate has at least one month averaging below Шаблон:Convert (or Шаблон:Convert) and at least one month averaging above Шаблон:Convert.[4][5]
- Dfa = Hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below Шаблон:Convert (or Шаблон:Convert), at least one month's average temperature above Шаблон:Convert, and at least four months averaging above Шаблон:Convert. No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
- Dfb = Warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below Шаблон:Convert (or Шаблон:Convert), all months with average temperatures below Шаблон:Convert, and at least four months averaging above Шаблон:Convert. No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
- Dfc = Subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below Шаблон:Convert (or Шаблон:Convert) and 1–3 months averaging above Шаблон:Convert. No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
- Dfd = Extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below Шаблон:Convert and 1–3 months averaging above Шаблон:Convert. No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
- Dwa = Monsoon-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below Шаблон:Convert (or Шаблон:Convert), at least one month's average temperature above Шаблон:Convert, and at least four months averaging above Шаблон:Convert. At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
- Dwb = Monsoon-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below Шаблон:Convert (or Шаблон:Convert), all months with average temperatures below Шаблон:Convert, and at least four months averaging above Шаблон:Convert. At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
- Dwc = Monsoon-influenced subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below Шаблон:Convert (or Шаблон:Convert) and 1–3 months averaging above Шаблон:Convert. At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
- Dwd = Monsoon-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below Шаблон:Convert and 1–3 months averaging above Шаблон:Convert. At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
- Dsa = Mediterranean-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below Шаблон:Convert (or Шаблон:Convert), average temperature of the warmest month above Шаблон:Convert and at least four months averaging above Шаблон:Convert. At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than Шаблон:Convert.
- Dsb = Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below Шаблон:Convert (or Шаблон:Convert), average temperature of the warmest month below Шаблон:Convert and at least four months averaging above Шаблон:Convert. At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than Шаблон:Convert.
- Dsc = Mediterranean-influenced subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below Шаблон:Convert (or Шаблон:Convert) and 1–3 months averaging above Шаблон:Convert. At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than Шаблон:Convert.
- Dsd = Mediterranean-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below Шаблон:Convert and 1–3 months averaging above Шаблон:Convert. At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than Шаблон:Convert.
Seasons
Annual precipitation in this zone is usually between Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert, The timing of intermediate spring-like or autumn-like temperatures in this zone vary depending on latitude and/or elevation. For example, spring may arrive as soon as March (in Northern hemisphere, September in Southern hemisphere) in the southern (in Northern hemisphere, northern in Southern hemisphere), parts of this zone or as late as May (November) in the north (south). Summers are warm or hot while winters are below freezing and sustain lots of frost.
Climatology
Continental climates exist where cold air masses infiltrate during the winter from shorter days and warm air masses form in summer under conditions of high sun and longer days. Places with continental climates are as a rule either far from any moderating effect of oceans or are so situated that prevailing winds tend to head offshore.[6] Such regions get quite warm in the summer, achieving temperatures characteristic of tropical climates but are colder than any other climates of similar latitude in the winter.
Neighboring climates
In the Köppen climate system, these climates grade off toward temperate climates equator-ward where winters are less severe and semi-arid climates or arid climates where precipitation becomes inadequate for tall-grass prairies and shrublands. In Europe these climates may grade off into oceanic climates (Cfb) or subpolar oceanic climates (Cfc) in which the influence of cool oceanic air masses is more marked toward the west. In western and eastern Asia, and the central United States these climates grade off toward humid subtropical climates (Cfa/Cwa), subtropical highland climates (Cwb), or Mediterranean climates (Csa/Csb) to the south.
List of locations with a continental climate
Шаблон:NoteThe climate is continental if the 0°C coldest-month isotherm is used, but it is temperate if the -3°C isotherm is used.
Africa
Morocco
- ImilchilШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfb)
Eurasia
Asia
- Afghanistan: Fayzabad (Dsb), Ghazni (Dsa bordering BSk), Puli Alam (Dsa)
- Armenia: Gyumri, Sisian, Vanadzor, Yerevan (bordering BSk)
- Azerbaijan: QabalaШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfa), ShamakhiШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfa)
- China: BeijingШаблон:Ref, Biru County, Changchun, Dalian, Harbin, JinanШаблон:Ref (bordering Cwa), LhasaШаблон:Ref (bordering BSk/Cwb), Qiqihar, Shenyang, ShigatseШаблон:Ref, Suihua, Ulanhot, Ürümqi (bordering BSk), YantaiШаблон:Ref, Yichun
- Georgia: Akhaltsikhe
- India: Dras (Dsb bordering Dfb), Kargil [1]
- Iran: Abali (Dsb), ArakШаблон:Ref (Dsa bordering BSk), ArdabilШаблон:Ref (bordering BSk), HamadanШаблон:Ref (Dsa bordering BSk), SaqqezШаблон:Ref (Dsa), SardashtШаблон:Ref (Dsa), TabrizШаблон:Ref (Dsa bordering BSk), UrmiaШаблон:Ref (bordering BSk)
- Japan: AomoriШаблон:Ref, Asahikawa, HakodateШаблон:Ref, Kushiro, Mount AsoШаблон:Ref, NaganoШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfa), NichinanШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfa), Sapporo, TendōШаблон:Ref [2]
- Kazakhstan: Aktobe, Almaty, Astana, Karaganda, Oskemen, Pavlodar, Semey, ShymkentШаблон:Ref (Dsa), Taraz (Dsa bordering BSk)
- Kyrgyzstan: BishkekШаблон:Ref (Dsa), Jalal-AbadШаблон:Ref (Dsa), OshШаблон:Ref (Dsa)
- Mongolia: Baruunturuun (bordering Dwc), Darkhan, Kharkhorin
- North Korea: HaejuШаблон:Ref, Kaesong, Nampo, Pyongyang, Rason
- Russia: Barnaul, Blagoveshchensk, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk, Kurilsk (bordering Dfc), Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Tomsk, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
- South Korea: CheongjuШаблон:Ref, Chuncheon, ChupungnyeongШаблон:Ref, DaejeonШаблон:Ref, IncheonШаблон:Ref, SeoulШаблон:Ref, Wonju, YeongcheonШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfa)
- South Ossetia: TskhinvaliШаблон:Ref (disputed with Georgia)
- Tajikistan: IsfaraШаблон:Ref (Dsa), KonibodomШаблон:Ref (Dsa), PanjakentШаблон:Ref (Dsa)
- Turkey: Ardahan, Erzurum, Hakkâri (Dsa), Kars, Muş (Dsa)
- Uzbekistan: ChirchiqШаблон:Ref (Dsa bordering Csa) [3]
Europe
- Andorra: CanilloШаблон:Ref, El Pas de la CasaШаблон:Ref (bordering Dfc)
- Austria: Baden bei WienШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfb) [4], InnsbruckШаблон:Ref, KlagenfurtШаблон:Ref, Neukirchen bei LambachШаблон:Ref [5]
- Belarus: BrestШаблон:Ref, Gomel, Minsk, Pinsk
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: GoraždeШаблон:Ref, Istočno SarajevoШаблон:Ref, LivnoШаблон:Ref
- Bulgaria: PazardzhikШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfa), PernikШаблон:Ref, PlevenШаблон:Ref, SmolyanШаблон:Ref (Dsb), SofiaШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfb), Veliko TarnovoШаблон:Ref
- Croatia: GospićШаблон:Ref
- Czech Republic: BrnoШаблон:Ref, České BudějoviceШаблон:Ref, LiberecШаблон:Ref, OlomoucШаблон:Ref [6], OstravaШаблон:Ref, PlzeňШаблон:Ref
- Estonia: HiiumaaШаблон:Ref, Pärnu, SaaremaaШаблон:Ref, Tallinn, Tartu
- Finland: ÅlandШаблон:Ref, Hämeenlinna, Helsinki, Kouvola, Lappeenranta, Pori, Turku
- France: ChamonixШаблон:Ref, MoutheШаблон:Ref, Saint-VéranШаблон:Ref (bordering Dfc)
- Germany: AnsbachШаблон:Ref, AugsburgШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfb), BayreuthШаблон:Ref, Garmisch-PartenkirchenШаблон:Ref, GörlitzШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfb), IngolstadtШаблон:Ref [7], KemptenШаблон:Ref, Weiden in der OberpfalzШаблон:Ref
- Greece: AetomilitsaШаблон:Ref, Kato VermioШаблон:Ref, SamarinaШаблон:Ref
- Hungary: DebrecenШаблон:Ref, KecskemétШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfa/Cfb), MiskolcШаблон:Ref, SzegedШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfa/Cfb), SzombathelyШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfb)
- Italy: Bruneck, Cortina d'Ampezzo, Rhêmes-Notre-DameШаблон:Ref [8], Toblach
- Kazakhstan: Oral (bordering BSk)
- Kosovo: PristinaШаблон:Ref (disputed with Serbia)
- Latvia: Daugavpils, JelgavaШаблон:Ref, LiepājaШаблон:Ref, RigaШаблон:Ref
- Liechtenstein: SchaanШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfb)
- Lithuania: Kaunas, KlaipėdaШаблон:Ref, ŠiauliaiШаблон:Ref, Vilnius
- Moldova: Bălți, ChișinăuШаблон:Ref, ComratШаблон:Ref
- Montenegro: Žabljak (bordering Dfc)
- North Macedonia: BerovoШаблон:Ref [9]
- Norway: BodøШаблон:Ref (bordering Dfc), Drammen, Hamar, Lillehammer (bordering Dfc), OsloШаблон:Ref, SteinkjerШаблон:Ref, TrondheimШаблон:Ref
- Poland: BiałystokШаблон:Ref, BydgoszczШаблон:Ref, GdańskШаблон:Ref, KatowiceШаблон:Ref, KrakówШаблон:Ref, ŁódźШаблон:Ref, LublinШаблон:Ref, PoznańШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfb), Suwałki, ToruńШаблон:Ref, WarsawШаблон:Ref
- Romania: Brașov, BucharestШаблон:Ref, Cluj-NapocaШаблон:Ref, IașiШаблон:Ref, PloieștiШаблон:Ref, SibiuШаблон:Ref, TimișoaraШаблон:Ref
- Russia: Chelyabinsk, GroznyШаблон:Ref, KaliningradШаблон:Ref, Kazan, Moscow, Nalchik, Nizhny Novgorod, Perm, Rostov-on-Don, Saint Petersburg, Samara, Smolensk, TaganrogШаблон:Ref, Ufa, VladikavkazШаблон:Ref, Voronezh
- Serbia: Nova VarošШаблон:Ref, SuboticaШаблон:Ref
- Slovakia: Banská Bystrica, KošiceШаблон:Ref, PezinokШаблон:Ref [10], PrešovШаблон:Ref, ŽilinaШаблон:Ref
- Slovenia: LendavaШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfb), Murska SobotaШаблон:Ref
- Sweden: Härnösand, JönköpingШаблон:Ref, KalmarШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfb), NorrköpingШаблон:Ref, StockholmШаблон:Ref, Sundsvall, UppsalaШаблон:Ref, VisbyШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfb)
- Switzerland: Gstaad, La Brévine (bordering Dfc), PoschiavoШаблон:Ref
- Transnistria: TiraspolШаблон:Ref (disputed with Moldova)
- Ukraine: Dnipro, Donetsk (occupied by Russia), IzmailШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfa), Kharkiv, KhersonШаблон:Ref, Kryvyi Rih, Kyiv, Luhansk (occupied by Russia), LvivШаблон:Ref, MariupolШаблон:Ref (occupied by Russia), OdesaШаблон:Ref (bordering BSk/Cfa), UzhhorodШаблон:Ref, Zaporizhzhia, Zhytomyr
North America
Canada
- Calgary (higher areas are Dfc)
- Charlottetown
- Edmonton
- Fredericton
- Gander, NL
- Goose Bay, NL (bordering Dfc)
- Halifax
- Hamilton, ON
- Kelowna, BCШаблон:Ref
- Marystown, NLШаблон:Ref [11]
- Moncton
- Montreal
- Moose Factory
- Murdochville, QC
- Ottawa
- Penticton, BCШаблон:Ref (bordering BSk)
- Prince George, BC
- Quebec City
- Regina (bordering BSk)
- Rimouski, QC
- Sable IslandШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfb)
- St. John's, NL
- Saskatoon (bordering BSk)
- Stewart, BCШаблон:Ref
- Sudbury
- Sydney, NS
- Thunder Bay
- Toronto
- Windsor
- Winnipeg
- Yarmouth, NSШаблон:Ref
-
North Saskatchewan River valley in Edmonton
-
The Forks, with St. Boniface Cathedral in the background in Winnipeg
-
Toronto skyline taken from Colonel Samuel Smith Park in Etobicoke
-
Downtown Calgary from Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT) campus
-
Olympic Stadium in Montreal
-
Quebec City shore
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
- Bordering DfcШаблон:Ref
United States
Midwest
- Bismarck, ND
- Cahokia Heights, ILШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfa)
- Chicago
- CincinnatiШаблон:Ref (downtown is Cfa)
- ClevelandШаблон:Ref
- Columbus, OHШаблон:Ref
- Des Moines
- Detroit
- Duluth, MN
- Fargo, ND
- Grand Rapids, MI
- Green Bay, WI
- IndianapolisШаблон:Ref
- Kansas CityШаблон:Ref
- Milwaukee
- Minneapolis
- North Platte, NE
- Omaha
- Rapid City, SD (bordering BSk)
- Sioux Falls, SD
- Springfield, ILШаблон:Ref
- Toledo, OHШаблон:Ref
- TopekaШаблон:Ref
Northeast
- Albany
- Allentown, PAШаблон:Ref
- BostonШаблон:Ref
- Bridgeport, CTШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfa)
- Buffalo
- Burlington, VT
- Cape CodШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfb)
- Erie, PAШаблон:Ref
- HarrisburgШаблон:Ref (downtown and riverfront (including City Island) are Cfa)
- HartfordШаблон:Ref
- Lancaster, PAШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfa)
- Manchester, NH
- New HavenШаблон:Ref
- Newport, RIШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfa/Cfb)
- Paterson, NJШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfa)
- PittsburghШаблон:Ref
- Portland, ME
- Poughkeepsie, NYШаблон:Ref
- Princeton, NJШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfa)
- Providence, RIШаблон:Ref
- Riverhead, NYШаблон:Ref (north side facing Long Island Sound is Cfa)
- Rochester
- Scranton, PAШаблон:Ref
- Southampton, NYШаблон:Ref
- Springfield, MA [12]
- Syracuse
- White Plains, NYШаблон:Ref
- Worcester, MA
South
- Beech Mountain, NCШаблон:Ref
- Boone, NCШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfb)
- Brasstown Bald, GAШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfb) [13]
- Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International AirportШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfa)
- Clifton Forge, VAШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfa) [14]
- Clingmans Dome, NC/TN
- Cumberland, MDШаблон:Ref
- Ebright Azimuth, DEШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfa)
- Elkins, WVШаблон:Ref
- Mount Mitchell, NC
- Romney, WVШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfa) [15]
- Wheeling, WVШаблон:Ref
- White Sulphur Springs, WVШаблон:Ref
- Winchester, VAШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfa)
West
- Alturas, CAШаблон:Ref (Dsb bordering BSk/Csb)
- Aspen, CO
- Billings, MTШаблон:Ref (bordering BSk)
- Cambridge, ID (Dsa)
- Cheyenne, WYШаблон:Ref (bordering BSk)
- Coeur D'Alene, IDШаблон:Ref (Dsb bordering Csb)
- Fairbanks (bordering Dfc)
- Flagstaff, AZШаблон:Ref (bordering BSk)
- Government Camp, ORШаблон:Ref (Dsb bordering Dsc)
- Idaho Falls (bordering BSk)
- Jackson, WY (bordering Dfc)
- Joseph, OR
- JuneauШаблон:Ref (bordering Dfc)
- Klamath Falls, ORШаблон:Ref (Dsb)
- Kodiak, AKШаблон:Ref (bordering Cfb/Cfc/Dfc)
- Logan, UT
- Los Alamos, NMШаблон:Ref (bordering BSk)
- Loveland, COШаблон:Ref (bordering BSk)
- Mammoth Lakes, CAШаблон:Ref (Dsb)
- Mountain City, NV (bordering BSk)
- Nenana, AK (bordering Dfc)
- Ogden, UTШаблон:Ref
- Orofino, IDШаблон:Ref (Dsb bordering Dsa)
- Park City, UT
- Petersburg, AKШаблон:Ref
- Salt Lake CityШаблон:Ref (Dsa bordering Csa)
- Santa Fe, NMШаблон:Ref (bordering BSk)
- Skagway, AK (Dsb bordering Dsc)
- Spokane, WAШаблон:Ref (Dsb bordering Dsa)
- Tahoe City, CAШаблон:Ref (Dsb)
- Taos, NM (bordering BSk)
- Telluride, CO
- Tusayan, AZШаблон:Ref (bordering BSk)
- Winthrop, WA (Dsb)
Oceania
Australia
- Falls CreekШаблон:Ref, Victoria (bordering Dfc)
- KiandraШаблон:Ref, New South Wales (bordering Cfb)
- Mount BullerШаблон:Ref, Victoria (bordering Cfb/Cfc/Dfc)
South America
Argentina
- Puente del IncaШаблон:Ref, Mendoza Province (Dsb bordering Csb)
Chile
- LonquimayШаблон:Ref, Araucanía Region (bordering Cfb)
- Sewell, O'Higgins Region (Dsb bordering Dsc)
See also
References
External links
Шаблон:Koppen Шаблон:Authority control
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