Английская Википедия:Control key
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect
In computing, a Control key Шаблон:Keypress is a modifier key which, when pressed in conjunction with another key, performs a special operation (for example, [[Control-C|Шаблон:Keypress]]). Similarly to the Shift key, the Control key rarely performs any function when pressed by itself. The Control key is located on or near the bottom left side of most keyboards (in accordance with the international standard ISO/IEC 9995-2), with many featuring an additional one at the bottom right.
On keyboards that use English abbreviations for key labeling, it is usually labeled Шаблон:Keypress (Шаблон:Keypress or Шаблон:Keypress are sometimes used, but it is uncommon). Abbreviations in the language of the keyboard layout also are in use, e.g., the German keyboard layout uses Шаблон:Keypress as required by the German standard DIN 2137:2012-06. There is a standardized keyboard symbol (to be used when Latin lettering is not preferred).Шаблон:Efn This symbol is encoded in Unicode as U+2388 Шаблон:Smallcaps Шаблон:Keypress, but it is very rarely used.
History
On teletypewriters and computer terminals, holding down the Control key while pressing another key would send an ASCII C0 control character, instead of directly reporting a key press to the system. The control characters were used as non-printing characters that signal the terminal or teletypewriter to perform a special action, such as ringing a bell, ejecting a page or erasing the screen, or controlling where the next character will display.
The first 32 ASCII characters are the control characters, representable by a 5-bit binary number. Because ASCII characters were represented as 7 bits, if a key is pressed while the Control key was held down, teletypewriters and terminals would simply set the first 2 bits of a character to 0, converting the character into a control character. For example, the character "a" has a binary ASCII code of 110 0001. This code would be converted to 000 0001, corresponding to the ASCII character with id 1 (the SOH Character). The table at Шаблон:Section link shows the ASCII control characters, with the "Caret notation" column showing a caret (^), followed by the character to press while the Control key is held down to generate the character.
If a teletypewriter or terminal is connected to a computer, the software on the computer can interpret control characters it receives however it is written to do so; a given control character can be interpreted differently from how it would be interpreted by a teletypewriter or terminal that receives it. For example, Control-C, received from a teletypewriter or terminal, is interpreted as "interrupt the current program" in some command-line interfaces, and Control-E is interpreted by the Emacs text editor as "move the editor cursor to the end of the line".
Computer keyboards directly attached to a computer, as is the case for a personal computer or workstation, distinguish each physical key from every other and report all keypresses and releases to the controlling software. This allows the software to interpret Control key combinations as it chooses, including being able to interpret a combination of the Control key, another modifier key, and a letter, number, or symbol key differently from the way it interprets a combination of the Control key and the letter, number, or symbol key without that other modifier key.
Location
Шаблон:Further The keyboards of many early computer terminals, including the Teletype Model 33 ASR and Lear-Siegler ADM-3A, and early models of the IBM PC, positioned the Control key on the left of the keyboard, whereas caps lock resides in the same position on most modern keyboards. The traditional layout was preserved for later workstation systems and is often associated with Unix workstations. Keyboards from Sun Microsystems came in two layouts; "Unix" and "PC-style", with the Unix layout having the traditional placing of the Control key and other keys.[1] The keyboards produced for One Laptop Per Child computers also have the Control key in this location.[2] Other vendors produce keyboards for different computer systems with this placement of the Control key, such as the Happy Hacking Keyboard.
Some users of keyboards with caps lock on the left remap the keys to exchange Control and caps lock, finding the traditional location more ergonomic for using programs benefiting from use of the Control key. Keyboard layout preferences specifically to address this need are available in some operating systems.
Others leave the control key in the lower-left corner of the keyboard, and press it using the side of their palm. The choice of location for the control key often comes down to the typist's hand shape and posture.
Notation
There are several common notations for pressing the Control key in conjunction with another key. Each notation below means press and hold Шаблон:Keypress while pressing the Шаблон:Keypress key:
| Шаблон:Mono | Traditional caret notation |
| Шаблон:Mono | Emacs and Vim notation |
| Шаблон:Mono | Old Microsoft notation |
| Шаблон:Mono | Current Microsoft notation |
| Шаблон:Mono | OpenVMS notation |
| ⌃X | Classic Mac OS and macOS notation, used in menus and Sticky Keys (similar to caret notation, but using Шаблон:Unichar instead of a caret)[3] |
| Control–X | Classic Mac OS and macOS notation, used in prose[4] |
| Шаблон:Mono | Cisco IOS notation |
| Шаблон:Mono | Bar notation |
Table of examples
Different application programs, user interfaces, and operating systems use the various control key combinations for different purposes.
| Key combination | Microsoft Windows/KDE/GNOME | Unix (command line and programs using readline) | Emacs (if different from Unix command line) |
|---|---|---|---|
| [[Control-A|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Select all | Beginning of line | |
| [[Control-B|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Bold | Backward one character | |
| [[Control-C|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Copy | Generate SIGINT (terminate program) | Compound command |
| [[Control-D|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Font window (word processing); Add to bookmarks (Browsers) | Forward delete, or if line is empty, end of input (traditional Unix) | Forward delete |
| [[Control-E|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Center alignment (word processing) | End of line | |
| [[Control-F|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Find (usually a small piece of text in a larger document) | Forward one character | |
| [[Control-G|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Go to (line number) | Abort current operation | |
| [[Control-H|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Replace; History | Delete previous character | Help key |
| [[Control-I|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Italic; Incremental search | Command-line completion (same as Tab key) | |
| [[Control-J|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Justify; Downloads | Line feed (LFD) | LFD (to evaluate Lisp expressions) |
| [[Control-K|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Insert hyperlink (word processing) | Cut ("Kill") text between cursor and end of line | |
| [[Control-L|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Create list; Left align (word processing) | Clear screen | Redraw window/terminal, and recenter view around current line |
| [[Carriage return|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Increase margin by 1/2 inch (word processing) | Same as Enter key | |
| [[Control-N|Шаблон:Keypress]] | New (window, document, etc.) | Next line (in history) | Next line |
| [[Control-O|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Open | Enter plus next line (in history) | Insert ("open") new line |
| [[Control-P|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Previous line (in history) | Previous line | |
| [[Control-Q|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Quit application | Resume transmission | Literal insert |
| [[Control-R|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Refresh page; Right align (word processing) | Search backwards in history | Search backwards |
| [[Control-S|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Save | Pause transmission | Search forward |
| [[Control-T|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Open new tab | Transpose characters, display status | |
| [[Control-U|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Underline; HTML of page you are currently looking at | Cut text between beginning of line and cursor | Prefix numerical argument to next command |
| [[Control-V|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Paste | Literal insert | Page down |
| [[Control-W|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Close window or tab | Cut previous word | Cut |
| [[Control-X|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Cut | Compound command | |
| [[Control-Y|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Redo | Paste | |
| [[Control-Z|Шаблон:Keypress]] | Undo | Suspend program | Iconify window |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Redo | not available | |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Decrease font size | Same as [[Esc key|Шаблон:Keypress]] or [[Alt key|Шаблон:Keypress]] | |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Increase font size | Search for the next character typed | undefined or rarely used |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Toggle font subscript | not available | |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Toggle font superscript | not available | |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Bottom (end of document or window) | undefined or rarely used | Bottom (end of text buffer) |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Top (start of document or window) | undefined or rarely used | Top (start of text buffer) |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Copy | undefined or rarely used | Copy |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Next tab | undefined or rarely used | Scroll window to the right |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Previous tab | undefined or rarely used | Scroll window to the left |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Next window or tab | not available | |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Previous window or tab | not available | |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Grow Screen | not available | |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Shrink Screen | Undo | |
| Шаблон:Keypress | undefined or rarely used | Same as Шаблон:Keypress (Undo) | |
| Шаблон:Keypress | undefined or rarely used | Generate SIGQUIT (terminate and dump core) | undefined or rarely used |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Previous word | undefined or rarely used | Previous word |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Next word | undefined or rarely used | Next word |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Delete next word | undefined or rarely used | Delete next word |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Delete previous word | undefined or rarely used | Delete previous word |
| Шаблон:Keypress | undefined or rarely used on Windows; restart X11 on Unix-like desktops | undefined or rarely used | |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Rotate screen right-side up | undefined or rarely used | |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Rotate screen upside down | undefined or rarely used | |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Rotate screen left | undefined or rarely used | |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Rotate screen right | undefined or rarely used | |
| Шаблон:Keypress | Open task manager | not available | |
| [[Control-Alt-Delete|Шаблон:Keypress | Reboot; Open task manager or session options | not available | |
| Ctrl+Mousewheel | Scroll in/out | ||
In early first-person shooters, the left Ctrl key is often used to fire a weapon. In newer games, the key is often used for crouching instead.[5]
Similar concepts
Generally, the Command key, labeled with the ⌘ symbol on Apple Macintosh computers, performs the equivalent functions in classic Mac OS and macOS applications (for example, Шаблон:Mono copies, while Шаблон:Mono prints; the same holds for saving, cutting, and pasting).
Macintoshes also have a Control key, but it has different functionality. The original Apple mouse design reduced complexity by only offering one button. As the interface developed, contextual menus were offered to access extra options. Another button was needed to access these. On Unix and Windows, the user had other mouse buttons to use. On Classic Mac OS and macOS, the Control key is used to invoke a "right-click". Apple calls this a "secondary click" as left-handers can choose which side this button is on.
- It is mostly used as a modifier key for key-combinations.
- Pressing Control and clicking the mouse button will invoke a contextual menu. This is a compatibility feature for users with one-button mice; users with two-button mice just use the right mouse-button, with no modifiers.
- It is used in the command line interface with programs made for that interface.
- In Quickbooks, the Control Key is used to validate login credentials during OLSU 1016 and OLSU 1013 errors. Keeping it depressed while sending information to the Quickbooks servers fixes the errors.
- Under macOS, the Control key allows the use of Emacs-style key combinations in most text entry fields. For example, Ctrl-A moves the caret to the start of the paragraph, Ctrl-L vertically centers the current line in the editing field, Ctrl-K cuts text to the end of the line to a kill ring separate from the normal clipboard, etc.
Notes
References
- ↑ Complex Text Layout Language Support in the Solaris Operating Environment docs.oracle.com/cd/E19455-01/806-5583/806-5583.pdf
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
See also
- Alt key
- Break key
- Control characters
- Control-Alt-Delete
- Function key
- Keyboard layout
- Modifier key
- IBM Common User Access
Шаблон:Keyboard Шаблон:Keyboard keys
