Английская Википедия:Conventional electrical unit
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Refimprove Шаблон:Use dmy dates A conventional electrical unit (or conventional unit where there is no risk of ambiguity) is a unit of measurement in the field of electricity which is based on the so-called "conventional values" of the Josephson constant, the von Klitzing constant agreed by the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) in 1988, as well as ΔνCs used to define the second. These units are very similar in scale to their corresponding SI units, but are not identical because of the different values used for the constants. They are distinguished from the corresponding SI units by setting the symbol in italic typeface and adding a subscript "90" – e.g., the conventional volt has the symbol VШаблон:Sub – as they came into international use on 1 January 1990.
This system was developed to increase the precision of measurements: The Josephson and von Klitzing constants can be realized with great precision, repeatability and ease, and are exactly defined in terms of the universal constants e and h. The conventional electrical units represent a significant step towards using "natural" fundamental physics for practical measurement purposes. They achieved acceptance as an international standard in parallel to the SI system of units and are commonly used outside of the physics community in both engineering and industry. Addition of the constant c would be needed to define units for all dimensions used in physics, as in the SI.
The SI system made the transition to equivalent definitions 29 years later but with values of the constants defined to match the old SI units more precisely. Consequently, the conventional electrical units differ slightly from the corresponding SI units, now with exactly defined ratios.
Historical development
Several significant steps have been taken in the last half century to increase the precision and utility of measurement units:
- In 1967, the thirteenth General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) defined the second of atomic time in the International System of Units as the duration of Шаблон:Val periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom.[1]
- In 1983, the seventeenth CGPM redefined the metre in terms of the second and the speed of light, thus fixing the speed of light at exactly Шаблон:Val.[2]
- In 1988, the CIPM recommended adoption of conventional values for the Josephson constant as exactly Шаблон:Nowrap[3] and for the von Klitzing constant as exactly Шаблон:Nowrap[4] as of 1 January 1990.
- In 1991, the eighteenth CGPM noted the conventional values for the Josephson constant and the von Klitzing constant.[5]
- In 2000, the CIPM approved the use of the quantum Hall effect, with the value of RШаблон:Sub to be used to establish a reference standard of resistance.[6]
- In 2018, the twenty-sixth CGPM resolved to abrogate the conventional values of the Josephson and von Klitzing constants with the 2019 redefinition of SI base units.[7]
Definition
Conventional electrical units are based on defined values of the caesium-133 hyperfine transition frequency, Josephson constant and the von Klitzing constant, the first two which allow a very precise practical measurement of time and electromotive force, and the last which allows a very precise practical measurement of electrical resistance.[8]
| Constant | Conventional exact value (CIPM, 1988; until 2018) |
Empirical value (in SI units) (CODATA, 2014[8]) |
Exact value (SI units, 2019) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 133Cs hyperfine transition frequency | Шаблон:Physconst | Шаблон:Physconst | |
| Josephson constant | KШаблон:Sub = Шаблон:ValШаблон:Physconst | KШаблон:Sub = Шаблон:Val | KШаблон:Sub = Шаблон:Sfrac |
| von Klitzing constant | RШаблон:Sub = Шаблон:ValШаблон:Physconst | RШаблон:Sub = Шаблон:Val | RШаблон:Sub = Шаблон:Sfrac |
- The conventional volt, VШаблон:Sub, is the electromotive force (or electric potential difference) measured against a Josephson effect standard using the defined value of the Josephson constant, KШаблон:Sub; that is, by the relation KШаблон:Sub = Шаблон:Val. See Josephson voltage standard.
- The conventional ohm, ΩШаблон:Sub, is the electrical resistance measured against a quantum Hall effect standard using the defined value of the von Klitzing constant, RШаблон:Sub; that is, by the relation RШаблон:Sub = Шаблон:Val.
- Other conventional electrical units are defined by the normal relationships between units paralleling those of SI, as in the conversion table below.
Conversion to SI units
| Unit | Symbol | Definition | Related to SI | SI value (CODATA 2014) | SI value (2019) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| conventional volt | VШаблон:Sub | see above | Шаблон:Sfrac V | Шаблон:Val | Шаблон:Physconst |
| conventional ohm | ΩШаблон:Sub | see above | Шаблон:Sfrac Ω | Шаблон:Val | Шаблон:Physconst |
| conventional ampere | AШаблон:Sub | VШаблон:Sub/ΩШаблон:Sub | Шаблон:Sfrac⋅Шаблон:Sfrac A | Шаблон:Val | Шаблон:Physconst |
| conventional coulomb | CШаблон:Sub | s⋅AШаблон:Sub = s⋅VШаблон:Sub/ΩШаблон:Sub | Шаблон:Sfrac⋅Шаблон:Sfrac C | Шаблон:Val | Шаблон:Physconst |
| conventional watt | WШаблон:Sub | AШаблон:SubVШаблон:Sub = VШаблон:Sub2/ΩШаблон:Sub | Шаблон:ResizeШаблон:SfracШаблон:ResizeШаблон:Su⋅Шаблон:Sfrac W | Шаблон:Val | Шаблон:Physconst |
| conventional farad | FШаблон:Sub | CШаблон:Sub/VШаблон:Sub = s/ΩШаблон:Sub | Шаблон:Sfrac F | Шаблон:Val | Шаблон:Physconst |
| conventional henry | HШаблон:Sub | s⋅ΩШаблон:Sub | Шаблон:Sfrac H | Шаблон:Val | Шаблон:Physconst |
The 2019 redefinition of SI base units defines all these units in a way that fixes the numeric values of KШаблон:Sub, RШаблон:Sub and ΔνCs exactly, albeit with values of the first two that differ slightly from the conventional values. Consequently, these conventional units all have known exact values in terms of the redefined SI units. Because of this, there is no accuracy benefit from maintaining the conventional values.
See also
References
External links
