Английская Википедия:Convoy OA 178
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox military conflict
Convoy OA 178 (Outbound Atlantic) was an Atlantic convoy of 14 ocean-going ships and local coasters, comprising 53 ships. The convoy sailed from Southend-on-Sea in the Thames Estuary on 3 July 1940 via the English Channel, where local traffic dispersed to south coast ports. The convoy was dissolved on 6 July 1940 as its surviving ocean-going ships joined convoys to transatlantic destinations. On 4 July, Portland Harbour and the convoy were attacked by Junkers Ju 87 Шаблон:Lang dive-bombers, followed by Шаблон:Lang (E-boats to the British) attacks on the remnants of the convoy, during the night of 4/5 July. No support was forthcoming from RAF Fighter Command and in the aftermath, the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, was critical of the lack of protection afforded to the convoy. Henceforth OA convoys were routed northabout Scotland but local Coastal East and Coastal West coal convoys continued and suffered more attacks from the combination of Stukas and E-Boats (Шаблон:Lang).
Background
Luftwaffe anti-shipping operations
Шаблон:Lang attacks on shipping were made much easier by the capture of bases in France and the Low Countries; in the North Sea, the Grimsby fishing fleet had been attacked twice in June. Air attacks increased and in July, ship losses off the east coast exceeded those by naval mines. Attacks on minesweepers, escort vessels and anti-invasion patrols rapidly increased and was made worse by a lack of light anti-aircraft guns and the concentration of the air defence effort in the south-east of England, against a possible invasion. The Admiralty reserved the right for ships to fire on aircraft on an apparently attacking course because it had been found that a high volume of prompt, accurate fire could reduce the accuracy of bombing and sometimes shoot down the attacker.Шаблон:Sfn Hurried training and lack of experience in aircraft recognition among navy crews led to many RAF aircraft being taken for hostile and fired on, even when escorts for the ships. While demanding close escort, the Admiralty required ships to engage unidentified aircraft within Шаблон:Cvt, a practice the RAF considered irresponsible. More training in aircraft recognition and pilots not flying towards to ships on tracks similar to bombing runs were obvious remedies and with experience, navy gunners made fewer mistakes.Шаблон:Sfn
OA convoys
OA convoys (Outbound Atlantic) from the Thames Estuary were a convoy series which was convoyed to the Western Approaches whence they joined convoys to their destinations. OA convoys incorporated coasters from the Thames to Southampton, Poole, Plymouth, Fowey and Falmouth along the south coast. The convoys continued to sail along the south coast after the Fall of France on 22 June 1940 and on 1 July twenty ships of Convoy OA 177G sailed from Southend-on-Sea. Next morning German aircraft attacked SS Baron Ruthven, two men being killed by machine-gun fire. Later on the 10,000 gross register ton (GRT) Aeneas was bombed and abandoned. Most of the coasters left the convoy for local ports before another ten ocean-going ships joined the convoy from Plymouth and Falmouth and eighteen ships joined when it merged with an OB convoy from Liverpool on 2 July, parts of the convoy then turned away for Bilbao, Lisbon and Casablanca; only two ships remained when the convoy reached the Atlantic dispersal point.Шаблон:Sfn
Prelude
Convoy OA 178 assembled off Southend-on-Sea; the convoy commander was Lieutenant Commander Frederick Jones in the only escort vessel, the Шаблон:Sclass2 Шаблон:HMS; the convoy commodore was R. P. Galer, embarked in SS Peterton and the vice commodore, Commander A. B. Fasting sailed in Saluta. The convoy of 14 ocean-going merchant ships and local colliers departed on 3 July, over-flown by German aircraft.heading inland. The convoy passed the Straits of Dover during the night of 3/4 July and by dawn, German aircraft again began to pass by. The captain of Hartlepool, W. J. Rogerson, saw the Isle of Wight in the distance and
By the afternoon of 4 July, OA 178 was south of Portland Bill.Шаблон:Sfn
4 July
Portland harbour
At Шаблон:Nowrap 33 Junkers Ju 87 Шаблон:Lang dive bombers of III./StG51 attacked Portland, escorted by Bf 110 heavy fighters (destroyers) of V./(Шаблон:Lang) Шаблон:Lang and two Шаблон:Lang of Bf 109s from 1./LG1.Шаблон:Sfnm The auxiliary anti-aircraft ship Шаблон:HMS (Captain H. P. Wilson Rtd) had been commissioned on 6 June 1940 and carried four twin high-angle 4-inch turrets, two quadruple 2-pounder pom-pom guns and several Vickers .50 machine guns. Foylebank had been based at the harbour for anti-aircraft defence since 9 June. When the Stukas bombed, they dived at angles of up to 90° towards the stern of the ship; at Шаблон:Cvt the dive-bomber eased to 45°, the pilot aligning the gun sight on the stern of the ship and opening fire, the bullets moving forwards from the stern to the stem of the ship. The pilot released the bombs as he saw the machine-gun fire pass beyond the bows and hit the water. The pilot had also set the altimeter to the local altitude above mean sea level and a siren blared to warn him to bomb and begin to pull out of the dive. As the Stuka recovered from its dive, the rear-gunner opened fire to keep heads down; the raid took four minutes.Шаблон:Sfnm
As gunners were running along the decks of Foylebank to reach their action stations, many where hit by bullets or caught by bomb blasts.Шаблон:Sfn Two sailors ran for their action station at X gun and a bomb blew one of them across the canteen, wounded and dead lying everywhere. The two sailors headed aft along the port side of the ship towards X gun and a bomb fell down the funnel which blew open the side of the ship facing the docks and they had to turn around. At the rear of the ship the sailors passed through the sick bay for a ladder to the deck but a bomb hit the sick bay, killing everyone there and the second sailor, lower on the ladder. The survivor got on deck to find that his gun had been hit and the crew dead or wounded. The sailor saw other crewmembers firing a pom-pom, matting around it on fire. An officer ordered him forward as the ship was going to be abandoned and he jumped Шаблон:Cvt, damaging his back, although he was unaware of this for several hours. At the pom-pom guns on the starboard side a pile of bodies blocked the way and he had to clamber through them. A petty officer called out that "Mantle's still firing and when he's finished we'll have to get him down".Шаблон:Sfn
Acting leading seaman Jack Mantle had been severely wounded in the left leg by a bomb explosion but continued to operate his pom-pom gun, despite it being damaged, hitting a Stuka, which also hit him with machine-gun fire. Mantle was helped away from the gun as the ship was about to be abandoned.Шаблон:Sfn The Stukas dropped 104 Шаблон:Cvt and Шаблон:Cvt bombs, many of which hit the ship and others near-missed. Some of the gunners on Foylebank managed to fire sixty shells from Y turret.Шаблон:Sfn Civilians had sailed their craft over to Foylebank and received the survivors as they slid down ropes from the fo'c'sle, taking the men to Boscawen, where sixty men were found to have been killed, many more later dying of wounds, including Mantle.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn The German fighters circled overhead but no RAF fighters appeared, the only Royal Air Force (RAF) aircraft in the area being a Fairey Battle bomber from RAF Warmwell on a training sortie near Chesil Beach. When the pilot saw the raid, he dived for home at full speed. Two Stukas of 7./StG51 were shot down by ground fire, one into the Channel off Portland, the crew being killed and the other crew rescued off the Cotentin Peninsula; a Bf 109 crashed on landing at Théville near Cherbourg.Шаблон:Sfn The tug Шаблон:Ship was also sunk and the steamers City of Melbourne, East Wales and MV William Wilberforce were damaged by bombs in Portland Harbour.Шаблон:Sfn
Off Portland
Soon after the bombing of Portland harbour, a Junkers Ju 88 reconnaissance aircraft of 1.(Шаблон:Lang)/123 (1 Squadron, Long Range Reconnaissance Wing 123) signalled that OA 178 was south-west of Portland and 24 Ju 87s of I./StG2 from Falaise, escorted by a Шаблон:Lang of I./JG1 took off, followed by 23 Ju 87s of III./StG51 as soon as they had refuelled and rearmed. At about Шаблон:Nowrap the Stukas attacked Flimstone whose master watched the Stukas pull out of their dives at Шаблон:Cvt and the bombs fall close astern, shaking the ship. The attack lasted for about two hours, Clarkia engaging the Stukas with its 4-inch gun and four machine-guns. The chief officer of Deucalion wrote later that the sky seemed full of aircraft which hit the ship with nine bombs and began to sink. The captain and the carpenter were seriously wounded by machine-gun fire and as soon as a lull occurred, the crew abandoned ship. The gunner on Dallas City fired at the Stukas as they began to pull out of their dives, their machine-gun fire hitting the ship around him. Three bombs hit Dallas City, one through the skylight to the engine room, one down the funnel and one into number 3 hold, two crew being wounded. Flimstone, already damaged, tried to avoid Dallas City by increasing speed and putting the helm hard to starboard but was hit on the port side by Dallas City, which smashed a lifeboat. It took Flimstone fifteen minutes to manoeuvre free and set course for Portland. Captain Norman Shalton got the crew of Dallas City into the two portside lifeboats and abandoned the ship at about Шаблон:Nowrap which sank at Шаблон:Coord. (The crew was rescued about three hours later by Antonio).Шаблон:Sfn
Antonio was machine-gunned and near-missed by German bombing Шаблон:Cvt south south-west of Portland Bill; the rudder and propeller shaft stanchions being damaged; the crew had to slow the ship and found it difficult to steer, the ship following an erratic ourse. Antonio rescued 67 shipwrecked mariners and eventually anchored at Weymouth at Шаблон:NowrapШаблон:Sfn The Dutch steamer Deucalion was bombed and sunk Шаблон:Cvt south south-west of Portland, 27 survivors being amongst those picked up by Antonio. Britsum, also Dutch, was sunk by bombers off Selsey at Шаблон:Coord and the Estonian Kolga was bombed and sunk at Шаблон:Coord with the loss of one crewman. The British Fairwater was hit and damaged by bombs at Шаблон:Coord; Argos Hill, Briarwood and TS Lifland were damaged by bombs off Portland. Eastmoor was bombed Шаблон:Cvt off Portland Bill and King Frederick suffered bomb damage at Шаблон:Coord, Irene Maria was damaged by bombs at Шаблон:Coord.Шаблон:Sfn Flimstone reached Portland Harbour and the rest of the convoy was reduced to a disorganised condition.Шаблон:Sfn The convoy commodore, R. P. Galer, ordered the remnants of the convoy to run for the shelter of the Portland Harbour defences but these had been attacked in the morning. When OA 178 came into sight of Portland, three merchant ships in the harbour had already been damaged and the confined space of the harbour would have been a death-trap for the forty ships left in the convoy and it was turned away.Шаблон:Sfn No RAF Fighter Command aircraft had appeared to protect the convoy and during the evening, Шаблон:Lang S 19, S 20, S 24 and S 26 (E-Boats to the British) of 1. Шаблон:Lang (commanded by Шаблон:Lang Birnbacher in S 24) sailed.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Night 4/5 July
Near midnight, the E-Boat S 19 torpedoed Elmcrest Шаблон:Cvt south of Portland which took on a list as the crew abandoned ship. The Шаблон:Lang fired its other torpedo at the starboard side as the lifeboat was being rowed clear; the torpedo passed underneath the lifeboat before hitting the ship and the lifeboat capsized, sixteen men being drowned; survivors were rescued by destroyer Шаблон:HMS.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Soon afterwards, S 20 (Götz von Mirbach) and S 26 hit the tanker British Corporal with two torpedoes at Шаблон:Coord. Two crewmen were killed and the ship was abandoned but did not sink and was later towed into port. Hartlepool was torpedoed by S 26 and abandoned,Шаблон:Cvt south, south-west of Portland, apparently in a sinking condition, the survivors being rescued by destroyer Шаблон:HMS; the ship was later beached at Weymouth.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
5–6 July
On 5 July, OA 178 was reinforced by the destroyer Шаблон:HMS until 6 July when the surviving ships of OA 178 dispersed in the Southwest Approaches and joined oceanic convoys.Шаблон:Sfn
Aftermath
Analysis
In 2008, Nick Hewitt wrote that hitherto, 3,404 ships had sailed the Channel with eight losses, which was some explanation for British complacency.Шаблон:Sfn In 2013, the historian Andy Saunders wrote that the convoy was too far from the English coast for fighters easily to have protected it and when the Stukas attacked. If Fighter Command squadrons had been scrambled from RAF bases they would have not arrived before the raid was over. Saunders called the losses inflicted on OA 178 a British failure, which showed the Germans that the Royal Navy and the RAF were incapable of protecting Channel convoys. After OA 178 local CE and CW coal convoys proved equally vulnerable to the combination of Stukas and Шаблон:Lang. The British prime minister, Winston Churchill, issued an Action this Day memo to the Admiralty inquiring about the measures to defend convoys along the south coast, particularly the matter of air cover. The severity of the losses to OA 178 was such that henceforth OA convoys were assembled at Methil in Fife and sailed northabout Scotland to avoid the English Channel.Шаблон:Sfnm
Casualties
Temporary Lieutenant Commander (E) B. Nish RNR, Temporary Lieutenant (E) J. R. Bissett RNR, Temporary Sub/Lieutenant (E) J. W. McMullan RNR, Lieutenant W. G. P. Brigstocke RNVR, Probationary Temporary Surgeon Lt E. I. Smith, MB, ChB RNVR and one hundred and seventy one ratings (total 176) were killed on Foylebank; thirteen officers and one hundred and forty-four ratings (total 157) were rescued. Sixteen men of Elmcrest were killed and one man was killed on Kolga, a total of 193 men were killed.Шаблон:Sfn One Stuka crew was shot down and killed by antiaircraft fire from HMS Foylebank during the attack on Portland Harbour.Шаблон:Sfn
Convoy OA 178
| Name | Flag | GRT | Casualties | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aegeon | Greek | 5,285 | Damaged by air attack 4 July | |
| Alex | UK | 3,932 | ||
| Antonio | UK | 5,225 | Damaged, detached 4 July | |
| Ardanbhan | UK | 4,980 | To Newfoundland | |
| Argos Hill | UK | 7,178 | Damaged, detached to Portland 4 July | |
| Briarwood | UK | 4,019 | Damaged, detached to Weymouth Bay 4 July | |
| British Corporal | UK | 6,972 | Damaged, detached 4 July | |
| British Prince | UK | 4,879 | ||
| Britsum | Netherlands | 5,255 | Sunk by aircraft 4 July | |
| Csarda | Panama | 3,882 | ||
| Dallas City | UK | 4,952 | Sunk by aircraft 4 July | |
| Deucalion | Netherlands | 1,796 | Sunk by aircraft 4 July, 27 survivors | |
| Eastmoor | UK | 5,812 | Damaged by aircraft, detached 4 July | |
| Elax | UK | 7,403 | ||
| Elmcrest | UK | 4,343 | 16 | Sunk by Шаблон:Lang S 20 4/5 July |
| Elstree Grange | UK | 6,598 | ||
| Eskdalegate | UK | 4,250 | To St John's Newfoundland | |
| Fairwater | UK | 4,108 | Damaged, detached 4 July | |
| Flimston | UK | 4,674 | Damaged, detached to Portland 4 July | |
| Gulhaug | Norway | 1,243 | To Portsmouth | |
| Harbury | UK | 5,081 | ||
| Harpalyce | UK | 5,169 | ||
| Hartlepool | UK | 5,500 | Damaged, beached Weymouth Bay 4 July | |
| Irene Maria | UK | 1,862 | Damaged, detached 4 July | |
| Jaypore | UK | 5,318 | ||
| Kedoe | Netherlands | 3,684 | To New Orleans | |
| King Frederick | UK | 5,106 | Damaged by aircraft, beached Weymouth Bay 4 July | |
| Kolga | Estonia | 3,526 | 1 | Sunk 4/5 July by S 19 |
| Lifland | Denmark | 2,254 | Damaged, detached 4 July | |
| Peterton | UK | 5,221 | ||
| Saluta | UK | 6,261 | ||
| San Ambrosio | UK | 7,410 | ||
| Standella (?) | UK | 6,197 | ||
| Temple Moat | UK | 4,427 | To Buenos Aires | |
| Trefusis | UK | 5,299 | To St John's Newfoundland |
Escorts
| Name | Type | Pennant | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| HMS Clarkia | Flower-class corvette | K88 | Escort 3–6 July, joined convoy HX 53 |
| HMS Broke | destroyer leader | D83 | Escort 5–6 July, joined convoy HX 53 |
| HMS Foylebank | Auxiliary anti-aircraft ship | Bombed in Portland Harbour 4 July, sank at mooring 5 July; 176 killed, 157 survivorsШаблон:Sfn |
Ship losses in Portland Harbour
| Name | Flag | GRT | Casualties | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| City of Melbourne | UK | 6,630 | Damaged by near miss from Ju 87 dive-bombers | |
| East Wales | UK | 4,358 | Damaged by Ju 87 dive-bombers | |
| HMS Foylebank | RN | 5.582 | 176 | Bombed by Ju 87s 4 July, sank at moorings 5 July |
| Silverdial | UK | 55 | Sunk by Ju 87 dive-bombers | |
| William Wilberforce | UK | 5,004 | Damaged by Ju 87 dive-bombers |
Notes
Footnotes
References
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
Further reading
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