Английская Википедия:Convoy ON 127

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox military conflict Шаблон:Campaignbox Atlantic Campaign

Convoy ON 127 was a trade convoy of merchant ships during the second World War. It was the 127th of the numbered series of ON convoys Outbound from the British Isles to North America and the only North Atlantic trade convoy of 1942 or 1943 where all U-boats deployed against the convoy launched torpedoes.[1] The ships departed Liverpool on 4 September 1942[2] and were met at noon on 5 September[3] by the Royal Canadian Navy Mid-Ocean Escort Force Group C-4 consisting of the Шаблон:Sclass2 Шаблон:HMCS and the Шаблон:Sclass2 Шаблон:HMCS with the Шаблон:Sclass2s Шаблон:HMCS, Шаблон:HMCS, Шаблон:HMCS, and Шаблон:HMS.[4] St. CroixШаблон:'s commanding officer, acting Lieutenant Commander A. H. "Dobby" Dobson RCNR, was the senior officer of the escort group.[3] The Canadian ships carried type 286 meter-wavelength radar but none of their sets were operational.[5] Celandine carried Type 271 centimeter-wavelength radar.[5] None of the ships carried HF/DF high-frequency direction finding sets.[5]

Background

As western Atlantic coastal convoys brought an end to the second happy time, Admiral Karl Dönitz, the Befehlshaber der U-Boote (BdU) or commander in chief of U-Boats, shifted focus to the mid-Atlantic to avoid aircraft patrols. Although convoy routing was less predictable in the mid-ocean, Dönitz anticipated that the increased numbers of U-boats being produced would be able to effectively search the area with the advantage of intelligence gained through B-Dienst decryption of British Naval Cypher Number 3.[6] However, only 20 percent of the 180 trans-Atlantic convoys sailing from the end of July 1942 until the end of April 1943 lost ships to U-boat attack.[7]

Initial contact

Wolf pack Vorwarts was forming about 500 miles west of Ireland as the convoy left Liverpool.[8] Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, and Шаблон:GS formed a search line across the convoy's path just beyond the range of land-based aircraft.[1] U-584 reported the convoy on 9 September, but lost contact that evening.[1]

10 September

U-96 regained contact on 10 September and torpedoed the Norwegian tanker Svene, the tanker F.J.Wolfe and the Belgian freighter Elisabeth van Belgie in a single submerged daylight attack.[1] Sherbrooke fell back to aid the torpedoed ships while St. Croix, Ottawa, and Celandine searched unsuccessfully for U-96.[8] F.J.Wolfe was able to regain its station with the convoy.[9] Ottawa continued to patrol astern of the convoy after St. Croix and Celandine resumed their normal patrol stations.[8]

A coordinated night attack on the convoy began with U-659 torpedoing the British tanker Empire Oil on the evening of 10 September.[1][10] St. Croix made SONAR contact immediately prior to the attack and Celandine, Ottawa, and St. Croix searched for U-659 after the attack.[8] St. Croix and Ottawa fell back to rescue 23 of the stricken tanker's crew of 41.[11] U-404 torpedoed the tanker Marit II, U-608 launched torpedoes which missed the convoy, U-218 torpedoed the tanker Fjordaas, and U-92 and U-594 launched torpedoes which missed the convoy before Ottawa, St. Croix, and Celandine rejoined the convoy.[1][12][13] Sherbrooke remained astern of the convoy aiding the ships torpedoed by U-96, and rescued all but one of the crew of the sinking Svene and Elisabeth van Belgie. The remaining escorts counter-attacked, and depth charge damage forced U-659 and U-218 to return to port.[14][15] Both Marit II and Fjordaas were able to regain their stations in the convoy.[16] Empire Oil was later sunk astern of the convoy by U-584.

11 September

None of the escorts' RADAR sets were functional on 11 September. U-584 torpedoed the Norwegian Hindanger in a submerged daylight attack while St. Croix investigated a visual sighting six miles distant. Amherst fell back and rescued all but one of HindangerШаблон:'s crew. A B-24 Liberator patrol bomber of No. 120 Squadron RAF prevented further daylight attacks on 11 September[15] but U-96 sank a 415-ton Portuguese sailing trawler by gunfire in the vicinity of the convoy.[1][14] In coordinated night attacks, U-380 missed with a salvo of four torpedoes, U-211 torpedoed the British whale factory ship Hektoria and freighter Empire Moonbeam, U-92 missed Ottawa with four torpedoes and U-404 torpedoed the tanker Daghild before Amherst and Sherbrooke rejoined the convoy.[14] Daghild maintained station in the convoy and Arvida rescued all but four of the 140 crewmen from Hektoria and Empire Moonbeam before those ships were sunk astern of the convoy by U-608.[1][9][17]

Parting shots

Excellent visibility on 12 September allowed a close forward screen of four escorts to discourage U-boats sighted up to 7 miles away. U-407 and U-594 launched torpedoes unsuccessfully that night. U-594 sank the straggling Stone Street[12] as the convoy came within range of Canadian Canso patrol bombers from Botland, Newfoundland on 13 September.[14] The escort was reinforced at dusk by the Шаблон:Sclass2 Шаблон:HMCS and the Шаблон:Sclass2 Шаблон:HMS from the Newfoundland-based Western Local Escort Force (WLEF). Both U-91 and U-411 launched torpedoes unsuccessfully while U-91 torpedoed the Canadian River-class destroyer Шаблон:HMCS in the pre-dawn hours of 14 September.[18] Ottawa sank with 114 of its crew.[14] The remainder of the convoy reached New York City on 20 September 1942.[2]

Ships in convoy

Name[19] Nationality[19] Dead[9] Tonnage
(GRT)[19] 		Cargo[9] Notes[19]
Athelduchess (1929) Шаблон:Flagcountry 8,940 Destination New York City; carried convoy commodore Rear Admiral Sir E O Cochrane KBE
Bayano (1917) Шаблон:Flagcountry 6,815 Destination Halifax
Bohemian Club (1921) Шаблон:Flagcountry 6,906
Boston City (1920) Шаблон:Flagcountry 2,870 China clay & mail Veteran of convoy SC 94; Destination New York City; survived this convoy, convoy SC 104 & convoy SC 122
British Endurance (1936) Шаблон:Flagcountry 8,406 Destination New York City
British Tradition (1942) Шаблон:Flagcountry 8,443 Destination New York City
Clausina (1938) Шаблон:Flagcountry 8,083 Destination New York City
Daghild (1927) Шаблон:Flagcountry 9,272 Torpedoed, but survived to be sunk 5 months later in convoy SC 118
Domby (1932) Шаблон:Flagcountry 5,582 Destination New York City
Egda (1939) Шаблон:Flagcountry 10,050 Veteran of convoy HX 79; Destination New York City
El Mirlo (1930) Шаблон:Flagcountry 8,092 Destination New York City
Elisabeth van Belgie (1909) Шаблон:Flagcountry 1 4,241 In ballast Sunk by Шаблон:GS 10 Sept
Empire Lytton (1942) Шаблон:Flagcountry 9,807 Reached New York City and was sunk 4 months later in Convoy TM 1
Empire Moonbeam (1941) Шаблон:Flagcountry 3 6,849 In ballast Veteran of convoy SC 94; sunk by Шаблон:GS & Шаблон:GS 12 Sept
Empire Oil (1941) Шаблон:Flagcountry 18 8,029 In ballast Sunk by Шаблон:GS & Шаблон:GS 11 Sept
Empire Sailor (1926) Шаблон:Flagcountry 6,140 General cargo Destination Halifax; carried convoy vice commodore Capt H J Woodward DSO RN
Empire Thackeray (1942) Шаблон:Flagcountry 2,865 Destination Halifax
F J Wolfe (1932) Шаблон:Flagcountry 12,190 Damaged by Шаблон:GS 10 Sept; reached St. John's, Newfoundland 16 Sept
Fjordaas (1931) Шаблон:Flagcountry 7,361 Returned to Clyde; damaged by Шаблон:GS 11 Sept
G C Brovig (1930) Шаблон:Flagcountry 9,718 Destination New York City
Hektoria (1899) Шаблон:Flagcountry 1 13,797 In ballast Veteran of convoy ON 67; sunk by Шаблон:GS & Шаблон:GS 12 Sept
Heranger (1930) Шаблон:Flagcountry 4,877 Destination New York City
Hindanger (1929) Шаблон:Flagcountry 1 4,884 In ballast Sunk by Шаблон:GS 11 Sept
Laurits Swenson (1930) Шаблон:Flagcountry 5,725 Romped
Liberty Glo (1919) Шаблон:Flagcountry 4,979 Destination Halifax
Marit II (1922) Шаблон:Flagcountry 7,417 Damaged by Шаблон:GS 11 Sept; reached St. John's, Newfoundland
Modavia (1927) Шаблон:Flagcountry 4,858 Destination Halifax
Montevideo (1928) Шаблон:Flagcountry 4,639 Destination New York City; survived this convoy & convoy HX 228
Nanking (1924) Шаблон:Flagcountry 5,931 8 passengers Destination New York City
Pachesham (1920) Шаблон:Flagcountry 6,090 Detached for St. John's, Newfoundland 15 Sept
Pan-Georgia (1919) Шаблон:Flagcountry 8,197 Destination New York City
Stone Street (1922) Шаблон:Flagcountry 6,131 Detached with defects 12 Sept; sunk by Шаблон:GS
Sveve (1930) Шаблон:Flagcountry 0 6,313 In ballast Sunk by Шаблон:GS 10 Sept
Vardefjell (1940) Шаблон:Flagcountry 8,316 Returned to Clyde with engine defects
Willemsplein (1910) Шаблон:Flagcountry 5,489 Coal Veteran of convoy SC 94; Destination Halifax

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 Rohwer&Hummelchen 1992 p. 161
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Hague 2000 p. 158
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Milner 1985 p. 159 не указан текст
  4. ↑ Milner 1985 p. 289
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Blair 1998 p. 30
  6. ↑ Tarrant p. 108
  7. ↑ Hague pp. 132, 137–138, 161–162, 164, 181
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 Milner 1985 p. 160
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 Hague 2000 p. 161
  10. ↑ Milner 1985 pp.162
  11. ↑ Milner 1985 p. 161
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Milner 1985 p. 162
  13. ↑ Blair 1998 pp. 30–31
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 14,4 Blair 1998 p. 31
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Milner 1985 pp.161
  16. ↑ Milner 1985 pp. 160–161
  17. ↑ Milner 1985 pp. 161–163
  18. ↑ Milner 1985 p. 163
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 19,3 Шаблон:Cite web
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