Английская Википедия:Convoy ON 166
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox military conflict Шаблон:Campaignbox Atlantic Campaign
Convoy ON 166 was the 166th of the numbered ON series of merchant ship convoys Outbound from the British Isles to North America. Sixty-three ships departed Liverpool 11 February 1943 and were met the following day by Mid-Ocean Escort Force Group A-3 consisting of the Шаблон:Sclass2s Шаблон:USCGC and Шаблон:USCGC and the Шаблон:Sclass2s Шаблон:HMS, Шаблон:HMCS, Шаблон:HMCS, Шаблон:HMCS and Шаблон:HMCS.
Background
As western Atlantic coastal convoys brought an end to the second happy time, Admiral Karl Dönitz, the Befehlshaber der U-Boote (BdU) or commander in chief of U-Boats, shifted focus to the mid-Atlantic to avoid aircraft patrols. Although convoy routing was less predictable in the mid-ocean, Dönitz anticipated that the increased numbers of U-boats being produced would be able to effectively search for convoys with the advantage of intelligence gained through B-Dienst decryption of British Naval Cypher Number 3.[1] However, only 20 percent of the 180 trans-Atlantic convoys sailing from the end of July 1942 until the end of April 1943 lost ships to U-boat attack.[2]
21 February
On 20 February Шаблон:GS sighted the convoy scattered by sailing eight days in a northwesterly gale. Шаблон:GS torpedoed the straggling Norwegian Stigstad on the morning of 21 February. Шаблон:GS was sunk by a No. 120 Squadron RAF B-24 Liberator that afternoon, and Campbell attacked a U-boat that evening. Postwar analysis concluded that Campbell sank Шаблон:GS,[3] but more recent re-evaluation indicates the attack may have destroyed Шаблон:GS.[4]
Шаблон:GS torpedoed the British Empire Trader at 2032 and the Norwegian NT Nielsen Alonso at 0153 on the night of February 21–22. Both ships were hit by a single torpedo on the port side, flooding the forward hold, and boiler room, respectively.[5] Шаблон:ORP from the following convoy ONS 167 was ordered to reinforce the convoy escort.
22 February
Шаблон:GS torpedoed the British Empire Redshank and American Chattanooga City and Expositor after sunset 22 February, but was damaged by depth charges from the recently arrived Burza. Campbell was disabled in a collision with U-606. Twelve men were rescued from the crew of the sinking U-boat. Burza left the convoy to tow Campbell back to port. The convoy rescue ship Stockport was sunk by U-604 while returning to the convoy after rescuing men from the three ships torpedoed by U-606.[6]
23 February
Шаблон:GS torpedoed the Panamanian Winkler at 0420 and Norwegian Glittre at 0425. Шаблон:GS torpedoed the American Hastings about 0430 and British Eulima at 0458 on 23 February.[5] Spencer, Rosthern and Chilliwack remained with the convoy and Dianthus left to refuel.[7]
24 February
Шаблон:GS torpedoed the Norwegian Ingria at 0520 before dawn on 24 February.[5] Шаблон:GS torpedoed the straggling American Liberty ship Jonathan Sturges.
25 February
U-628 hit the British Manchester Merchant with two torpedoes on the starboard side at 0527 before dawn 25 February.[5][8]
Aftermath
The U-boats discontinued the attack on 26 February. The surviving ships in the convoy were joined by Шаблон:MV from Halifax, Nova Scotia on 28 February with escorts Шаблон:HMCS, Шаблон:HMCS and Шаблон:HMCS.[9] They reached New York City on 3 March 1943.[10]
Ships in convoy
| Name[11] | Flag[11] | Dead[7] | Tonnage[11] | Cargo[7] | Notes[11] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amastra (1935) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 8,031 gross register tons (GRT) | |||
| Aruba (1929) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 3,979 GRT | general cargo | ||
| Beauregard (1920) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 5,976 GRT | returned to England | ||
| Brasil (1935) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 8,130 GRT | |||
| Charles H Cramp (1920) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 6,220 GRT | straggled 1 March[5] | ||
| Chattanooga City (1921) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 0 | 5,687 GRT | (in ballast) | sunk by Шаблон:GS 22 Feb |
| City of Canberra (1927) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 7,484 GRT | carried convoy commodore Capt W E B Magee DSO RN | ||
| Delilian (1923) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 6,423 GRT | |||
| Шаблон:SS (1942) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 7,177 GRT | 16 passengers | Liberty ship; returned to England | |
| El Almirante (1917) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 5,248 GRT | returned to England | ||
| El Coston (1924) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 7,286 GRT | joined from Iceland 16 Feb but returned to Iceland when leaking condenser caused water shortage[5] | ||
| El Oceano (1925) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 6,767 GRT | |||
| Шаблон:SS (1942) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 7,039 GRT | returned to England | ||
| Шаблон:MV (1942) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 9,891 GRT | joined Halifax to New York; survived this convoy and convoy HX 229 | ||
| Шаблон:SS (1937) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 6,007 GRT | |||
| Шаблон:SS (1935) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 5,023 GRT | |||
| Empire Redshank (1919) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 0 | 6,615 GRT | (in ballast) | torpedoed by Шаблон:GS & scuttled by escort 22 Feb |
| Empire Trader (1908) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 0 | 9,990 GRT | 985 tons chemicals | veteran of convoy HX 79; torpedoed by Шаблон:GS & scuttled by escort 23 Feb |
| Empire Wordsworth (1942) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 9,891 GRT | |||
| Eulima (1937) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 63 | 6,207 GRT | (in ballast) | sunk by Шаблон:GS 23 February |
| Exilona (1919) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 4,971 GRT | |||
| Expositor (1919) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 6 | 4,959 GRT | (in ballast) | sunk by Шаблон:GS & Шаблон:GS |
| Fort Thompson (1942) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 7,134 GRT | coal | ||
| Fort Vermillion (1942) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 7,133 GRT | |||
| Franz Klasen (1932) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 1,194 GRT | |||
| Gateway City (1920) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 5,432 GRT | veteran of convoy PQ 18 | ||
| George W McKnight (1933) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 2,502 GRT | |||
| Glittre (1928) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 3 | 6,402 GRT | (in ballast) | veteran of convoy ON 67; acting as escort oiler; sunk by Шаблон:GS & Шаблон:GS 23 Feb |
| Gyda (1934) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 1,695 GRT | general cargo | straggled and lost following 24 Feb collision with Fort Thompson[5] | |
| Hastings (1920) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 9 | 5,401 GRT | (in ballast) | sunk by Шаблон:GS 23 Feb |
| Ingria (1931) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 0 | 4,391 GRT | (in ballast) | sunk by Шаблон:GS & Шаблон:GS 24 Feb |
| Шаблон:SS (1942) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 56 | 7,176 GRT | (in ballast) | Liberty ship straggled & sunk by Шаблон:GS 24 Feb[5] |
| Kaipaki (1939) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 5,862 GRT | |||
| Lechistan (1929) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 1,937 GRT | general cargo | straggled 20 Feb[5] | |
| Lochmonar (1924) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 9,412 GRT | 28 passengers | ship's master was convoy vice commodore | |
| Madoera (1922) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 9,382 GRT | straggled 24 Feb & damaged by Шаблон:GS[5] | ||
| Manchester Merchant (1940) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 36 | 7,264 GRT | (in ballast) | sunk by Шаблон:GS 25 Feb |
| Шаблон:SS (1942) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 7,176 GRT | Liberty ship straggled with steering failure | ||
| Markay (1942) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 10,342 GRT | joined from Iceland 16 Feb; romped 23 Feb | ||
| Molda (1937) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 5,137 GRT | general cargo | ||
| N T Nielsen-Alonso (1900) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 3 | 9,348 GRT | (in ballast) | sunk by Шаблон:GS & Шаблон:GS 22 Feb |
| Pacific Exporter (1928) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 6,734 GRT | |||
| Pacific Grove (1928) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 7,117 GRT | |||
| Pan-Maine (1936) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 7,237 GRT | |||
| Pan-Maryland (1938) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 7,701 GRT | |||
| Шаблон:SS (1942) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 7,191 GRT | Liberty ship veteran of convoy PQ 17 | ||
| Skandinavia (1940) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 10,044 GRT | veteran of convoy ON 67 | ||
| Stigstad (1927) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 3 | 5,964 GRT | (in ballast) | straggled & sunk by Шаблон:GS & Шаблон:GS 21 Feb[5] |
| Stockport (1911) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 63 | 1,683 GRT | (rescued crewmen of sunken ships) | rescue ship; sunk by Шаблон:GS while rescuing survivors |
| Tai Shan (1929) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 6,962 GRT | 12 passengers | ||
| Шаблон:SS (1942) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 7,176 GRT | Liberty ship romped & arrived New York 28 Feb | ||
| Шаблон:SS (1942) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 7,176 GRT | Liberty ship returned to England | ||
| Tortuguero (1921) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 5,285 GRT | |||
| Tropic Star (1926) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 5,088 GRT | |||
| Wind Rush (1918) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 5,586 GRT | |||
| Winkler (1930) | Шаблон:Flagicon | 20 | 6,907 GRT | (in ballast) | sunk by Шаблон:GS & Шаблон:GS 23 Feb |
See also
References
Bibliography
- ↑ Tarrant p.108
- ↑ Hague pp.132, 137-138,161-162,164&181
- ↑ Morison 1975 p.338
- ↑ Rohwer & Hummelchen 1992 p.194
- ↑ 5,00 5,01 5,02 5,03 5,04 5,05 5,06 5,07 5,08 5,09 5,10 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Hague 2000 pp.92&162
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Hague 2000 pp.161-162
- ↑ Hague 2000 p.162
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Hague 2000 p.159
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 Шаблон:Cite web
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