Английская Википедия:Convoy SC 100
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox military conflict Шаблон:Campaignbox Atlantic Campaign
Convoy SC 100 was a North Atlantic convoy, one of the SC series which ran during the battle of the Atlantic in World War II. It was the 100th of the numbered series of slow convoys of merchant ships from Sydney, Cape Breton Island to Liverpool. It came under attack, one of several convoy battles that occurred during the autumn and winter of 1942, losing five ships.
Background
SC 100, comprised twenty six merchant ships and deoarted Halifax for the UK under local escort on 12 September 1942. The Convoy Commodore was Capt. NH Gale in Athelsultan. SC 100 was met by its Ocean Escort, Group A-3, led by US Coast Guard cutter Шаблон:USCGC, under Cdr. P Heineman. Also in the group was the cutter Шаблон:USCGC and four RCN corvettes. A-3 was joined by the corvette Шаблон:HMCS, escorting ships from Wabana, and by three corvettes travelling in convoy for refit in the UK.[1] During the action SC 100 was joined by several units as re-inforcement, including the newly formed convoy support group, 20EG, led by Comm. FJ Walker.[2]
SC 100 was attacked by units of two U-boat patrol lines, Lohs, of 18 boats, and Pfiel, of 11 Uboats, under the guidance of U-boat Commander (BdU) Adm K Dönitz.
Action
The convoy departed Halifax on 12 September 1942 and was joined on 16 September[3] by Mid-Ocean Escort Force Group A-3. Ahead of the convoy were three U-boat patrol lines; Vorwarts, of 18 boats, off the east of North America; Lohs, of 19 boats, south of Greenland, and Pfeil, 11 boats, moving west from bases in Occupied France. SC 100 passed through the Vorwarts patrol line without being detected, and these boats took no further part in the action, but on 18 September the convoy was found and reported by Шаблон:GS, of Lohs. U-599 commenced shadowing, while other U-boats of the group joined; first Шаблон:GS, which had sunk the USCG weather ship Muskeget the previous week, then Шаблон:GS and Шаблон:GS. These boats began their attack, but U-259 collided with a merchant ship and was forced to break off. Both boats were vigorously attacked by escort ships, but suffered no damage. Two more Lohs boats, Шаблон:GS and Шаблон:GS joined; the latter attacked and sank the freighter Empire Hartebeeste, but a claim by U-373 to have torpedoed a corvette was not substantiated.[4]
At this point a massive storm blew up (described by U-boat reports as "a hurricane"), making further attempts impossible. Faced with this BdU called off the operation, but several boats remained in contact and on the third day Шаблон:GS, of Pfeil made contact and torpedoed Athelsultan, the commodores ship. U-617 also sank the stragglers Tennessee and Roumanie, which had become separated in the storm. Meanwhile, SC 100 had been re-inforced by ships from nearby convoys, and from 20 EG, bringing the total number of warships to 15. On 24 September two more U-boats made contact; Шаблон:GS sank the freighter Penmar, but a claim by Шаблон:GS of two freighters sunk was mistaken. The next day, as the weather cleared, aircraft of RAF Coastal Command were able to give saturation cover, forcing all U-boats still in contact to break off contact. With this BdU dropped plans to re-engage with SC 100 and moved the U-boats present to other tasks.[4] With no further attacks SC 100 arrived safely at Liverpool on 28 September.[5]
Assessment
Despite the number of U-boats called to this action few were able to make contact, due to the storm. Those that did were driven off by the escorts; of the five ships sunk by enemy action only two were in convoy at the time. It has been suggested that the ships of Group A-3 were not fast enough to catch surfaced U-boats;[6] but Donitz attributed the failure of the attack on the aggressive handling of the escorts as well as the appalling weather.[7] The U-boats sank five scattered ships before losing contact on 25 September;[8] another was lost in a collision.[9] Twenty ships arrived safely.
SC 100 was one of three North Atlantic convoys attacked during September; in the same period the Allies sailed nineteen convoys comprising some 580 ships. Total losses were 19 ships and two escorts, (some 3% of ships involved); the cost to the U-Boat Arm was five boats lost, and another four damaged sufficiently to be returned to base.[10]
Ships in convoy
Allied merchant ships
| Name[3] | Flag | Casualties | Tonnage (GRT) | Cargo | Fate | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ary Lensen | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 3,214 | Sugar | |||
| Athelsultan | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 51 | 8,882 | Molasses, alcohol | Sunk by Шаблон:GS[11] on 23 September SE of Cape Farewell, Greenland. | Convoy commodore's ship, Capt N H Gale DSO Rd RNR. Survivors picked up by Шаблон:HMCS and Шаблон:HMS and landed at Londonderry Port. |
| Atland | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 5,203 | Wabana iron ore | |||
| Atlantic | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 5,414 | Steel, lumber | |||
| Belgian Fisherman | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 4,714 | General cargo | |||
| Boris | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 5,166 | Wabana iron ore | |||
| Dux | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 1,590 | Lumber | |||
| Empire Guinevere | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 7,072 | Steel and tobacco | |||
| Empire Hartebeeste | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 0 | 5,676 | General cargo | Sunk by Шаблон:GS[12] on 20 September SE of Cape Farewell, Greenland. | |
| Empire Opal | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 9,811 | Benzene, paraffin | |||
| Empire Razorbill | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 5,118 | Steel, tobacco | |||
| Empire Soldier | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 4,539 | General cargo | Marine accident | Sunk in a collision with tanker Шаблон:SS[13] | |
| Empire Stour | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 4,696 | General cargo | |||
| Esturia | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 6,968 | Fuel oil | |||
| Greylock | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 7,460 | General cargo | |||
| Gunvor Maersk | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 1,977 | Sydney lumber | |||
| Innesmoor | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 4,392 | General cargo | |||
| Mount Evans | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 5,598 | General cargo | |||
| Norhauk | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 6,086 | General cargo | Rescued crew from Empire Hartebeeste | ||
| Panama | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 6,650 | Sugar | |||
| Pennmar | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 2 | 5,868 | General cargo | Straggled and was sunk by Шаблон:GS[14] on 24 September. | Survivors picked up by Шаблон:USCGC |
| Rio Verde | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 3,223 | General cargo | |||
| Roumanie | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 42 | 3,658 | General cargo | Straggled and was sunk by Шаблон:GS[15] on 24 September. | Sole survivor was picked up by U-617 as a PoW and landed at St Nazaire. |
| Spurt | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 2,061 | Lumber | Turned back | ||
| Tennessee | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 15 | 2,342 | Sydney grain | Straggled and sunk by Шаблон:GS[16] on 23 September SE of Cape Farewell, Greenland. | Survivors picked up by Шаблон:HMS and Шаблон:USCGC |
| Tore Jarl | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 1,514 | Lumber |
Convoy escorts
| Name[3] | Flag | Type | Joined | Left |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:HMCS | Шаблон:Naval | Шаблон:Sclass2 | 16 September 1942 | 28 September 1942 |
| Шаблон:ORP | Шаблон:Navy | Шаблон:Sclass | 16 September 1942 | 26 September 1942 |
| Шаблон:USCGC | Шаблон:Coast guard | Шаблон:Sclass2 cutter | 16 September 1942 | 16 September 1942 |
| Шаблон:HMS | Шаблон:Naval | Шаблон:Sclass sloop | 25 September 1942 | 25 September 1942 |
| Шаблон:HMCS | Шаблон:Naval | Шаблон:Sclass2 | 12 September 1942 | 26 September 1942 |
| Шаблон:Ship | Шаблон:Naval | ASW naval trawler | 27 September 1942 | 27 September 1942 |
| Шаблон:HMCS | Шаблон:Naval | Шаблон:Sclass2 | 21 September 1942 | 26 September 1942 |
| Шаблон:HMCS | Шаблон:Naval | Шаблон:Sclass2 | 21 September 1942 | 27 September 1942 |
| Шаблон:HMCS | Шаблон:Naval | Шаблон:Sclass2 | 12 September 1942 | 16 September 1942 |
| Шаблон:HMCS | Шаблон:Naval | Шаблон:Sclass2 | 16 September 1942 | 28 September 1942 |
| Шаблон:HMCS | Шаблон:Naval | Шаблон:Sclass2 | 12 September 1942 | 16 September 1942 |
| Шаблон:Ship | Шаблон:Naval | ASW naval trawler | 27 September 1942 | 28 September 1942 |
| Шаблон:HMS | Шаблон:Naval | Шаблон:Sclass2 | 16 September 1942 | 27 September 1942 |
| HMCS Niagara | Шаблон:Naval | Шаблон:Sclass2 | 12 September 1942 | 16 September 1942 |
| Шаблон:HMCS | Шаблон:Naval | Шаблон:Sclass2 | 21 September 1942 | 26 September 1942 |
| Шаблон:HMCS | Шаблон:Naval | Шаблон:Sclass2 | 25 September 1942 | 25 September 1942 |
| Шаблон:HMS | Шаблон:Naval | Шаблон:Sclass2 | 25 September 1942 | 25 September 1942 |
| Шаблон:USCGC | Шаблон:Coast guard | Шаблон:Sclass2 cutter | 16 September 1942 | 16 September 1942 |
| Шаблон:HMCS | Шаблон:Naval | Шаблон:Sclass2 | 15 September 1942 | 28 September 1942 |
| Шаблон:HMCS | Шаблон:Naval | Шаблон:Sclass2 | 16 September 1942 | 27 September 1942 |
| Шаблон:HMCS | Шаблон:Naval | Шаблон:Sclass2 | 21 September 1942 | 26 September 1942 |
U-boats
The convoy was attacked by both Wolfpack Lohs comprising 9 U-boats, and 8 U-boats from Wolfpack Pfeil, namely
Wolfpack Lohs
Wolfpack Pfeil
References
Bibliography
- Clay Blair : Hitler's U-Boat War Vol II:The Hunted 1942-1945 (1998). Шаблон:ISBN
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Willoughby, Malcolm F. The U.S. Coast Guard in World War II (1957) United States Naval Institute
External links
- ↑ Blair p.32
- ↑ Roskill p. 201
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Blair p.33
- ↑ Hague p. 135
- ↑ Willoughby, p.198
- ↑ Blair p. 34
- ↑ Rohwer & Hummelchen, pp.144&162
- ↑ Hague p. 137
- ↑ Blair p.36
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Hague p.137
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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