Английская Википедия:Copley Medal

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

The Copley Medal is the most prestigious award of the Royal Society, conferred "for sustained, outstanding achievements in any field of science". It alternates between the physical sciences or mathematics and the biological sciences. Given annually, the medal is the oldest Royal Society medal awarded and the oldest surviving scientific award in the world, having first been given in 1731 to Stephen Gray, for "his new Electrical Experiments: – as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge". The medal is made of silver-gilt and awarded with a £25,000 prize.

The Copley Medal is arguably the highest British award for scientific achievement, and has been included among the most distinguished international scientific awards. It is awarded to "senior scientists" irrespective of nationality, and nominations are considered over three nomination cycles. Since 2022, scientific teams or research groups are collectively eligible to receive the medal; that year, the research team which developed the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine became the first collective recipient. John Theophilus Desaguliers has won the medal the most often, winning three times, in 1734, 1736 and 1741. In 1976, Dorothy Hodgkin became the first female recipient; Jocelyn Bell Burnell, in 2021, became the second.

History

In 1709, Sir Godfrey Copley, the MP for Thirsk, bequeathed Abraham Hill and Hans Sloane £100 (roughly equivalent to £Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-yearШаблон:Inflation-fn) to be held in trust for the Royal Society "for improving natural knowledge to be laid out in experiments or otherwise for the benefit thereof as they shall direct and appoint". After the legacy had been received the following year, the interest of £5 was duly used to provide recurring grants for experimental work to researchers associated with the Royal Society, provided they registered their research within a stipulated period and demonstrated their experiments at an annual meeting. In 1726, following a proposal by Sloane, the grants were extended to "strangers" unaffiliated with the Society to encourage "new and useful experiments," though it was only five years later that Stephen Gray became the first such recipient. Prior to Gray, John Theophilus Desaguliers was apparently the only recipient of the grant, but had not always conducted the required annual demonstration.

In November 1736, Martin Folkes, then vice-president of the Society, suggested the Copley grant be converted to "a medal or other honorary prize to be bestowed on the person whose experiment should be best approved...a laudable emulation might be excited among men of genius to try their invention, who in all probability may never be moved for the sake of lucre". On 7 December 1736, the Council of the Royal Society agreed to Folkes' proposal, passing a resolution that the annual Copley grant of five pounds (roughly equivalent to £Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-yearШаблон:Inflation-fn) be converted to a gold medal "of the same Value, with the Arms of the Society impress’d on it," to be gifted "for the best Experiment produced within the Year, and bestowed in such a manner as to avoid any Envy or Disgust in Rivalship". John Belchier was the first to receive the new award in 1737; due to delays in approving a medal design, however, the medal, designed and struck by John Sigismund Tanner of the Royal Mint, was only presented to Belchier in 1742. Gray and Desaguliers received their medals retrospectively.

Into the early 19th century, medal recipients were selected by the President of the Royal Society, though not always on the basis of publications and experimental demonstrations; political and social connections were also key considerations, along with service in the general interests of the Society. During the long presidency of Joseph Banks, the medal was frequently awarded to recipients whose researches were of a practical or technical nature, involving improvements to scientific equipment or instrument design. In 1831, new regulations adopted by the Royal Society Council made the medal an annual award, dropped the requirement for conducting the qualifying research within a certain period and officially opened it to scientists from any nation; although the medal had previously been awarded to foreign scientists including Alessandro Volta, the majority of recipients had been British subjects. A second donation of £1666 13s. 4d. (roughly equivalent to £Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-yearШаблон:Inflation-fn) was made by Sir Joseph William Copley in 1881, and the interest from that amount is used to pay for the medal.

Prestige of the medal

By the 1840s, the Copley Medal had achieved international prestige; in 1850, George Airy noted the distinction of the medal was that it was "offered to the competition of the world." The Copley medal has been characterised as a predecessor to the Nobel Prize. Since its inception, it has been awarded to many distinguished scientists, including 52 winners of the Nobel Prize: 17 in Physics, 21 in Physiology or Medicine, and 14 in Chemistry.

Medal recipients

Year	Image	Name	Rationale	Notes
1731	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his new Electrical Experiments: – as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge"
1732	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For the Experiments he made for the year 1732"
1733	Файл:No image.svg	No Award	—	—
1734	Файл:John Theophilus Desaguliers.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In consideration of his several Experiments performed before the Society"
1735	Файл:No image.svg	No Award	—	—
1736	Файл:John Theophilus Desaguliers.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his experiments made during the year"
1737	Файл:Belchier John 1706-1785.png	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Experiment to show the property of a Diet of Madder Root in dyeing the Bones of living animals of a red colour"
1738	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his invention of an Engine for driving the Piles to make a Foundation for the Bridge to be erected at Westminster, the Model whereof had been shown to the Society"	—
1739	Файл:Stephen Hales.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Experiments towards the Discovery of Medicines for dissolving the Stone; and Preservatives for keeping Meat in long voyages at Sea"
1740	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Lectures on Muscular Motion. As a further addition for his services to the Society in the care and pains he has taken therein"
1741	Файл:John Theophilus Desaguliers.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Experiments towards the discovery of the properties of Electricity. As an addition to his allowance (as Curator) for the present year."
1742	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For the communication of his Observations in the attempt of discovering a North-West passage to the East Indies through Hudsons Bay"
1743	Файл:Abraham Trembley.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Experiments on the Polypus"	—
1744	Файл:Henry Baker (naturalist).jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his curious Experiments relating to the Crystallization or Configuration of the minute particles of Saline Bodies dissolved in a menstruum"
1745	Файл:William Watson.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On account of the surprising discoveries in the phenomena of Electricity, exhibited in his late Experiments"
1746	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On account of his curious Experiments for showing the resistance of the Air, and his rules for establishing his doctrine thereon for the motion of Projectiles"
1747	Файл:Gowin Knight from Science & Society 10198868.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On account of several very curious Experiments exhibited by him, both with Natural and Artificial Magnets"
1748	Файл:James Bradley by Thomas Hudson.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On account of his very curious and wonderful discoveries in the apparent motion of the Fixed Stars, and the causes of such apparent motion"
1749	Файл:John Harrison Uhrmacher.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On account of those very curious Instruments, invented and made by him, for the exact mensuration of Time"
1750	Файл:Edwards George 1693 1773.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On account of a very curious Book lately published by him, and intiyled, A Natural History of Birds, &c. – containing the Figures elegantly drawn, and illuminated in their proper colours, of 209 different Birds, and about 20 very rare Quadrupeds, Serpents, Fishes, and Insects."
1751	Файл:John Canton from NPG.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On account of his communicating to the Society, and exhibiting before them, his curious method of making Artificial Magnets without the use of Natural ones"
1752	Файл:John Pringle.jpg	Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet	"On account of his very curious and useful Experiments and Observations on Septic and Anti-septic Substances, communicated to the Society"
1753	Файл:Feke - Benjamin Franklin.png	Шаблон:Sortname	"On account of his curious Experiments and Observations on Electricity"
1754	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For the many Experiments made by him on Platina, which tend to the discovery of the sophistication of gold: – which he would have entirely completed, but was obliged to put a stop to his further enquiries for want of materials"
1755	Файл:John Huxham.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his many useful Experiments on Antimony, of which an account had been read to the Society"
1756	Файл:No image.svg	No Award	—	—
1757	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On account of his very curious and useful invention of making Thermometers, showing respectively the greatest degrees of heat and cold which have happened at any time during the absence of the observer"
1758	Файл:John Dollond, by Benjamin Wilson.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On account of his curious Experiments and Discoveries concerning the different refrangibility of the Rays of Light, communicated to the Society"
1759	Файл:John Smeaton.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On account of his curious Experiments concerning Water-wheels and Wind-mill Sails, communicated to the Society. For his experimental enquiry concerning the powers of water and wind in the moving of Mills"
1760	Файл:Benjamin Wilson, by Benjamin Wilson.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his many curious Experiments in Electricity, communicated to the Society within the year"
1761	Файл:No image.svg	No Award	—	—
1762	Файл:No image.svg	No Award	—	—
1763	Файл:No image.svg	No Award	—	—
1764	Файл:John Canton from NPG.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his very ingenious and elegant Experiments in the Air Pump and Condensing Engine, to prove the Compressibility of Water, and some other Fluids"
1765	Файл:No image.svg	No Award	—	—
1766	Файл:Cavendish Henry signature.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname, Edward Delaval and Henry Cavendish	"For an experimental enquiry into the Mineral Elastic Spirit, or Air, contained in Spa-Water; as well as into the Mephitic qualities of this Spirit. (Brownrigg)" "For his Experiments and Observations on the agreement between the specific gravities of the several Metals, and their colours when united to glass, as well as those of their other preparations. (Delaval)" "For his Paper communicated this present year, containing his Experiments relating to Fixed Air. (Cavendish)"
1767	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Papers of the year 1767, On the animal nature of the Genus of Zoophytes called Corallina, and the Actinia Sociata, or Clustered Animal Flower, lately found on the sea coasts of the new-ceded Islands"
1768	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Experiments on the Distillation of Acids, Volatile Alkalies, and other substances"
1769	Файл:William Hewson b1739.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Two Papers, entitled, An Account of the Lymphatic System in Amphibious Animals, – and An Account of the Lymphatic System in Fish"	—
1770	Файл:Sir William Hamilton by David Allan.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Paper, entitled, An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna"
1771	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his paper entitled, An Enquiry into the value of ancient Greek and Roman Money"	—
1772	Файл:Priestley.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On account of the many curious and useful Experiments contained in his observations on different kinds of Air"
1773	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Paper on the Torpedo"
1774	Файл:No image.svg	No Award	—	—
1775	Файл:Maskelyne Nevil.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In consideration of his curious and laborious Observations on the Attraction of Mountains, made in Scotland, – on Schehallien"
1776	Файл:Captainjamescookportrait.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Paper, giving an account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of H.M. Ship the Resolution, during her late voyage round the world. Whose communication to the Society was of such importance to the public"
1777	Файл:J.Mudge.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On account of his valuable Paper containing directions for making the best Composition for the metals of Reflecting Telescopes; together with a description of the process for grinding, polishing, and giving the best speculum the true parabolic form"	—
1778	Файл:Charles Hutton.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his paper, entitled, The force of Fired Gunpowder, and the initial velocity of Cannon Balls, determined by Experiments"
1779	Файл:No image.svg	No Award	—	—
1780	Файл:Samuel-Vince.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his paper, entitled, An investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"
1781	Файл:William Herschel01.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For the Communication of his Discovery of a new and singular Star; a discovery which does him particular honour, as, in all probability, this star has been for many years, perhaps ages, within the bounds of astronomic vision, and yet till now, eluded the most diligent researches of other observers"
1782	Файл:Kirwan Richard portrait.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"As a reward for the merit of his labours in the science of Chemistry. For his chemical analyses of Salts"
1783	Файл:Goodricke John.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname and Thomas Hutchins	"For his discovery of the Period of the Variation of Light in the Star Algol. (Goodricke)" "For his Experiments to ascertain the point of Mercurial Congelation. (Hutchins)"
1784	Файл:Edwardwaring.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Mathematical Communications to the Society. For his Paper On the Summation of Series, whose general term is a determinate function of z the distance from the first term of the series"
1785	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Measurement of a Base on Hounslow Heath"
1786	Файл:No image.svg	No Award	—	—
1787	Файл:John Hunter by John Jackson.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his three Papers, – On the Ovaria, On the identity of the dog, wolf, and jackall species, and On the anatomy of Whales, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1787"
1788	Файл:Sir Charles Blagden Wellcome M0013989.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his two Papers on Congelation, printed in the last (78th) volume of the Philosophical transactions"
1789	Файл:Thomas Lawrence - Portrait of William Morgan (1750-1833).jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his two Papers on the values of Reversions and Survivorships, printed in the two last volumes of the Philosophical Transactions"
1790	Файл:No image.svg	No Award	—	—
1791	Файл:James Rennell 1799.jpg Файл:Jean-André Deluc.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname and Jean-André Deluc	"For his Paper on the Rate of Travelling as performed by Camels, printed in the last (81st) volume of the Philosophical Transactions. (Rennell)" "For his Improvements in Hygrometry. (De Luc)"
1792	Файл:Benjamin Thompson.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his various Papers on the Properties and Communication of Heat"
1793	Файл:No image.svg	No Award	—	—
1794	Файл:Alessandro Volta.jpeg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his several Communications explanatory of certain Experiments published by Professor Galvani"
1795	Файл:Jesse Ramsden. Mezzotint by J. Jones, 1790, after R. Home. Wellcome V0004900.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his various inventions and improvements in the construction of the Instruments for the Trigonometrical measurements carried on by the late Major General Roy, and by Lieut. Col. Williams and his associates"
1796	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Paper on the construction and analysis of geometrical propositions determining the positions assumed by homogeneal bodies which float freely, and at rest; and also determining the Stability of Ships and other floating bodies"
1797	Файл:No image.svg	No Award	—	—
1798	Файл:Catalogue of portraits, miniatures &c. - in the possession of Cecil George Savile, 4th Earl of Liverpool, Lord Steward, &c (1905) (14760258041).jpg Файл:Charles Hatchett. Soft-ground etching by F. C. Lewis after T Wellcome V0002614 (cropped).jpg	Шаблон:Sortname and Charles Hatchett	"For his various Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Evelyn)" "For his Chemical Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Hatchett)"
1799	Файл:John Hellins.jpeg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his improved Solution of a problem in Physical Astronomy, &c. printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798; and his other Mathematical Papers"
1800		Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury"
1801	Файл:Astley Paston Cooper 4.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Papers – on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear; with an account of an operation for the removal of a particular species of Deafness"
1802	Файл:Wollaston William Hyde Jackson color.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his various Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions"
1803	Файл:Chenevix Richard.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his various Chemical Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions"
1804	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his various Chemical Discoveries communicated to the Society, and printed in several volumes of the Philosophical Transactions"
1805	Файл:Sir Humphry Davy, Bt by Thomas Phillips.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his various Communications published in the Philosophical Transactions"
1806	Файл:Thomas Andrew Knight (1758–1838).jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his various Papers on Vegetation, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"
1807	Файл:Sir Everard Home 1756–1832.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his various Papers on Anatomy and Physiology, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"	—
1808	Файл:William Henry.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his various papers communicated to the society, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions"	—
1809	Файл:Edward Troughton.jpeg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For the Account of his Method of dividing Astronomical Instruments, printed in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions"
1810	Файл:No image.svg	No Award	—	—
1811	Файл:Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Bt 1856.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. On the influence of the Brain on the action of the Heart, and the generation of Animal Heat; and on the different modes in which death is brought on by certain Vegetable Poisons"
1812	Файл:No image.svg	No Award	—	—
1813	Файл:William Thomas Brande 1855.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Communications concerning the Alcohol contained in Fermented Liquors and other Papers, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"	—
1814	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his various Mathematical Contributions printed in the Philosophical Transactions"
1815	Файл:David-Brewster.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Paper on the Polarization of Light by Reflection from Transparent Bodies"
1816	Файл:No image.svg	No Award	—	—
1817	Файл:Henry Kater00.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Experiments on the Pendulum"
1818	Файл:Robert Seppings (1767-1840), by William Bradley.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Papers on the construction of Ships of War, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"	—
1819	Файл:No image.svg	No Award	—	—
1820	Файл:Hans Christian Ørsted daguerreotype.jpg	Шаблон:Sort	"For his Electro-magnetic Discoveries"
1821	Файл:Edward Sabine 1860s.jpg Файл:Julia Margaret Cameron - John Herschel (Metropolitan Museum of Art copy, restored) levels.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname and John Herschel	"For his various Communications to the Royal Society relating to his researches made in the late Expedition to the Arctic Regions. (Sabine)" "For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Herschel)"
1822	Файл:William Buckland c1845.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Paper on the Fossil Teeth and Bones discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale"
1823	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his various Communications to the Royal Society"	—
1824	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his various Communications to the Royal Society"
1825	Файл:Arago Francois portrait.jpg Файл:Peter Barlow(math).jpg	Шаблон:Sortname and Peter Barlow	"For the Discovery of the Magnetic Properties of substances not containing Iron. For the Discovery of the power of various bodies, principally metallic, to receive magnetic impressions, in the same, though in a more evanescent manner than malleable Iron, and in an infinitely less intense degree. (Arago)" "For his various Communications on the subject of Magnetism. (Barlow)"
1826	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his observations of Double Stars, and his Paper on the Discordances between the Suns observed and computed Right Ascensions, published in the Transactions of the Society. For his Paper of Observations of the Apparent Distances and Positions of Four Hundred and Fifty-eight Double and Triple Stars, published in the present volume (1826, Part 1.) of the Transactions"
1827	Файл:Prout William painting.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname and Henry Foster	"For his Paper entitled, On the ultimate Composition of simple alimentary substances, with some preliminary remarks on the analysis of organized bodies in general. (Prout)" "For his magnetic and other observations made during the Arctic expedition to Port Bowen. (Foster)"
1828	Файл:No image.svg	No Award	—	—
1829	Файл:No image.svg	No Award	—	—
1830	Файл:No image.svg	No Award	—	—
1831	Файл:George Biddell Airy.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his Papers, On the principle of the construction of the Achromatic Eye-pieces of Telescopes, – On the Spherical Aberration of the Eye-pieces of Telescopes, and for other Papers on Optical Subjects in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society"
1832	Файл:Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg Файл:Simeon Poisson.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname and Siméon Denis Poisson	"For his discovery of Magneto-Electricity as detailed in his Experimental Researches in Electricity, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year. (Faraday)" "For his work entitled, Nouvelle Theorie de lAction Capillaire. (Poisson)"
1833	Файл:No image.svg	No Award	—	—
1834	Файл:Giovanni Plana, ante 1864 - Accademia delle Scienze di Torino Ritratti 0105 C.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his work entitled, Theorie du Mouvement de la Lune"
1835	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his experimental investigations of the force of electricity of high intensity contained in the Philosophical Transactions of 1834"
1836	Файл:Jöns Jacob Berzelius.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname and Francis Kiernan	"For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works. (Berzelius)" "For his discoveries relating to the structure of the liver, as detailed in his paper communicated to the Royal Society, and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833. (Kiernan)"	—
1837	Файл:Antoine Becquerel 2.jpg Файл:Daniell chemist b.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname and John Frederic Daniell	"For his various memoirs on the subject of electricity, published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France, and particularly for those on the production of crystals of metallic sulphurets and of sulphur, by the long-continued action of electricity of very low tension, and published in the tenth volume of those Memoires. (Becquerel)" "For his two papers on voltaic combinations published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836. (Daniell)"
1838	Файл:Carl Friedrich Gauss.jpg Файл:Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname and Michael Faraday	"For his inventions and mathematical researches in magnetism. (Gauss)" "For his researches in specific electrical induction. (Faraday)"
1839	Файл:Robert Brown (botanist).jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his discoveries during a series of years, on the subject of vegetable impregnation"
1840	Файл:Justus von Liebig NIH.jpg Файл:Charles Sturm.jpeg	Шаблон:Sortname and Jacques Charles François Sturm	"For his discoveries in organic chemistry, and particularly for his development of the composition and theory of organic radicals. (Liebig)" "For his "Memoire sur la Resolution des Equations Numeriques," published in the Memoires des Savans Etrangers for 1835. (Sturm)"
1841	Файл:Georg Simon Ohm3.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his researches into the laws of electric currents contained in various memoirs published in Schweiggers Journal, Poggendorffs Annalen and in a separate work entitled Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet"
1842	Файл:James MacCullagh.png	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his researches connected with the wave theory of light, contained in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy"
1843	Файл:Jean Baptiste André Dumas.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his late valuable researches in organic chemistry, particularly those contained in a series of memoirs on chemical types and the doctrine of substitution, and also for his elaborate investigations of the atomic weights of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and other elements"	—
1844	Файл:Carlo Matteucci.jpeg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his various researches in animal electricity"
1845	Файл:Theodor Schwann Litho.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his physiological researches on the development of animal & vegetable textures, published in his work entitled Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur u. dem Wachsthun der Thiese u. Pflanzen"	—
1846	Файл:Urbain Le Verrier.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus by which he proved the existence and predicted the place of the new Planet; the Council considering such prediction confirmed as it was by the immediate discovery of the Planet to be one of the proudest triumphs of modern analysis applied to the Newtonian Theory of Gravitation"
1847	Файл:Julia Margaret Cameron - John Herschel (Metropolitan Museum of Art copy, restored).jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his work entitled Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837 and 1838, at the Cape of Good Hope; being a completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825"
1848	Файл:John Couch Adams.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus, and for his application of the inverse problem of perturbations thereto"
1849	Файл:Murchison Roderick.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For the eminent services he has rendered to geological science during many years of active observation in several parts of Europe; and especially for the establishment of that classification of the older Palaeozoic deposits designated the Silurian System, as set forth in the two works entitled The Silurian System founded on Geological Researches in England, and The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains"	—
1850	Файл:P.A.Hansen.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his researches in physical astronomy"
1851	Файл:Richard-owen2.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On account of his important discoveries in comparative anatomy & palaeontology, contained in the Philosophical Transactions and numerous other works"
1852	Файл:AvHumboldt.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his eminent services in terrestrial physics, during a series of years"
1853	Файл:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove 1857.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his work on the distribution of heat over the surface of the Earth"	—
1854	Файл:Johannes Peter Müller.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his important contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy, and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata, contained in a series of memoirs published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin"
1855	Файл:Foucault.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his various researches in experimental physics"
1856	Файл:Henri Milne-Edwards.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his researches in comparative anatomy and zoology"	—
1857	Файл:Michel Eugène Chevreul 2.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his researches in organic chemistry, particularly on the composition of the fats, and for his researches on the contrast of coulours"
1858	Файл:Charles Lyell00.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his various researches and writings by which he has contributed to the advance of geology"
1859	Файл:Wilhelm Eduard Weber II.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For the investigations contained in his Maasbestimmungen and other researches in electricity, magnetism, acoustics"
1860	Файл:Robert Bunsen 02.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his researches on cacodyls, gaseous analysis, the Voltaire phenomena of Iceland; and other researches"
1861	Файл:Louis Agassiz H6.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse"
1862	Файл:Thomas Graham by Maull & Polybank, 1856.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis, including a distinction of compounds into colloids & crystalloids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1861"
1863	Файл:Adam Sedgwick.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his original observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks, and more especially for his determination of the characters of the Devonian System, by observations of the order of superposition of the Killas rocks & their fossils in Devonshire"
1864	Файл:Charles Darwin seated crop.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his important researches in geology, zoology, and botanical physiology"
1865	Файл:Michel Chasles.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his historical and original researches in pure geometry"
1866	Файл:Julius Plücker.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his researches in analytical geometry, magnetism, & spectral analysis"
1867	Файл:Voyages de la Commission scientifique du Nord, en Scandinavie, en Laponie, au Spitzberg et aux Feröe - no-nb digibok 2009040211001-118.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his discoveries in embryology and comparative anatomy, and for his contributions to the philosophy of zoology"
1868	Файл:Wheatstone Charles drawing 1868.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his researches in acoustics, optics, electricity and magnetism"
1869	Файл:Henri Victor Regnault.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For the second volume of his Relation des Experiences pour determiner les lois et les donnees physiques necessaires au calcul des machines a feu, including his elaborate investigations on the specific heat of gases and vapours, and various papers on the elastic force of vapours"
1870	Файл:Joule James sitting.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his experimental researches on the dynamical theory of heat"
1871	Файл:Julius Robert Mayer von Friedrich Berrer.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his researches on the mechanics of heat; including essays on: – 1. The force of inorganic nature. 2. Organic motion in connection with nutrition. 3. Fever. 4. Celestial dynamics. 5. The mechanical equivalent of heat"
1872	Файл:Friedrich Wöhler Stich.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and more especially for his researches on the products of the decomposition of cyanogens by ammonia; on the derivatives of uric acid; on the benzoyl series; on boron, silicon, & their compounds; and on meteoric stones"
1873	Файл:Hermann von Helmholtz.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his researches in physics and physiology"
1874	Файл:Louis Pasteur, foto av Paul Nadar, Crisco edit.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his researches on fermentation and on pelerine"
1875	Файл:Hoffman August Wilhelm von.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and especially for his researches on the derivatives of ammonia"
1876	Файл:Claude Bernard.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his numerous contributions to the science of physiology"
1877	Файл:James Dwight Dana by Warren, 1865.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published"
1878	Файл:Jean Baptiste JD Boussingault.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his long-continued and important researches and discoveries in agricultural chemistry"
1879	Файл:Clausius.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his well-known researches upon heat"
1880	Файл:James Joseph Sylvester.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his long continued investigations & discoveries in mathematics"
1881	Файл:Charles-Adolphe Wurtz.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his discovery of the organic ammonias, the glycols, and other investigations which have exercised considerable influence on the progress of chemistry"	—
1882	Файл:Arthur Cayley.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his numerous profound and comprehensive researches in pure mathematics"
1883	Файл:Baron Kelvin 1906.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For (1) his discovery of the law of the universal dissipation of energy; (2) his researches and eminent services in physics, both experimental & mathematical, especially in the theory of electricity and thermodynamics"
1884	Файл:Carl Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his investigations in physiology, and the great services which he has rendered to physiological science"	—
1885	Файл:Frkekulé.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his researches in organic chemistry"
1886	Файл:Franz Ernst Neumann by Carl Steffeck 1886.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his researches in theoretical optics and electro-dynamics"
1887	Файл:Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his services to botanical science as an investigator, author, and traveller"
1888	Файл:T.H.Huxley(Woodburytype).jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his investigations on the morphology and histology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and for his services to biological science in general during many past years"
1889	Файл:GeorgeSalmon(1819-1904).jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his various papers on subjects of pure mathematics, and for the valuable mathematical treatises of which he is the author"
1890	Файл:Simon Newcomb 01.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his contributions to the progress of gravitational astronomy"
1891	Файл:Stanislao Cannizzaro 01 (cropped).jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his contributions to chemical philosophy especially for his application of Avogadros theory"
1892	Файл:Rudolf Virchow NLM3.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his investigations in pathology, pathological anatomy, and prehistoric archaeology"
1893	Файл:Ggstokes.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his researches and discoveries in physical science"
1894	Файл:Frankland Edward 26.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his eminent services to theoretical & applied chemistry"
1895	Файл:Karl Weierstrass.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his investigations in pure mathematics"
1896	Файл:Gegenbaur.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his life-long researches in comparative anatomy in all branches of the animal kingdom. etc., etc"	—
1897	Файл:Kolliker2.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his important work in embryology, comparative anatomy, and physiology, and especially for his eminence as a histologist"	—
1898	Файл:Sir William Huggins by John Collier.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his researches in spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies"
1899	Файл:John William Strutt.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his contributions to physical science"
1900	Файл:Marcellin Berthelot.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his brilliant services to chemical science"
1901	Файл:Josiah Willard Gibbs -from MMS-.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his contributions to mathematical physics"
1902	Файл:Joseph Lister 1902.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of the value of his physiological and pathological researches in regard to their influence on the modern practice of surgery"
1903	Файл:Eduard Sueß.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his eminent geological services, & especially for the original researches & conclusions published in his great work 'Das Antlitz der Erde'"
1904	Файл:PSM V10 D660 William Crookes.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his long-continued researches in spectroscopic chemistry, on electrical & mechanical phenomena in highly-rarefied gases, on radio-active phenomena, and other subjects"
1905	Файл:DIMendeleevCab.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his contributions to chemical and physical science"
1906	Файл:Ilya Mechnikov nobel.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On the ground of the importance of his work in zoology and in pathology"
1907	Файл:Albert Abraham Michelson2.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On the ground of his investigations in optics"
1908	Файл:Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On the ground of the great value of his numerous contributions to natural history, and of the part he took in working out the theory of the origin of species by natural selection"
1909	Файл:Hill1905.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy"
1910	Файл:Francis Galton 1850s.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On the ground of his researches in heredity"
1911	Файл:George Darwin sepia tone.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On the ground of his researches on tidal theory, the figures of the planets, and allied subjects"
1912	Файл:Felix Klein.jpeg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On the ground of his researches in mathematics"
1913	Файл:Ray Lankester.png	Шаблон:Sortname	"On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him"
1914	Файл:J.J Thomson.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On the ground of his discoveries in physical science"
1915	Файл:Ivan Pavlov NLM3.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On the ground of his investigations in the physiology of digestion and of the higher centres of the nervous system"
1916	Файл:James Dewar.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his important investigations in physical chemistry, more especially his researches on the liquefaction of gases"
1917	Файл:Pierre Paul Émile Roux 2.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On the ground of his eminence as a bacteriologist, and as a pioneer in serum therapy"
1918	Файл:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On the ground of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics"
1919	Файл:WilliamBayliss1.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On the ground of his researches in general physiology & biophysics"
1920	Файл:Horace Tabberer Brown c1889.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates, &c"
1921	Файл:Joseph Larmor.jpeg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his researches in mathematical physics"
1922	Файл:Sir Ernest Rutherford.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his researches in radio activity & atomic structure"
1923	Файл:Lamb Horace bw.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his researches in mathematical physics"
1924	Файл:PSM V79 D521 Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer.png	Шаблон:Sortname	"For the valuable work he has done in physiology and histology and the position he now occupies as a leader in these sciences"	—
1925	Файл:Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his theory of relativity and his contributions to the quantum theory"
1926	Файл:Frederick Gowland Hopkins nobel.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his distinguished and fruitful work in biochemistry"
1927	Файл:Prof. Charles Scott Sherrington.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his distinguished work on neurology"
1928	Файл:Charles Algernon Parsons.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his contributions to engineering science"	—
1929	Файл:Max Planck 1933.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his contributions to theoretical physics and especially as the originator of the quantum theory"
1930	Файл:Wh-bragg.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his distinguished contributions to crystallography and radioactivity"
1931	Файл:Schuster Arthur signature.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his distinguished researches in optics and terrestrial magnetism"
1932	Файл:Portrait of George Ellery Hale.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his distinguished work on the solar magnetic phenomena and for his eminence as a scientific engineer, especially in connexion with Mount Wilson Observatory"
1933	Файл:Theobald Smith 2.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man"
1934	Файл:John Scott Haldane 1910.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his discoveries in human physiology and of their application to medicine, mining, diving and engineering"
1935	Файл:CTR Wilson.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his work on the use of clouds in advancing our knowledge of atoms and their properties"
1936	Файл:SirArthurEvans.JPG	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his pioneer work in Crete, particularly his contributions to the history and civilization of its Minoan age"
1937	Файл:Henry Dale nobel.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his important contributions to physiology and pharmacology, particularly in relation to the nervous and neuro-muscular systems"
1938	Файл:Niels Bohr.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his distinguished work in the development of the quantum theory of atomic structure"
1939	Файл:Thomas Hunt Morgan.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his establishment of the modern science of genetics which had revolutionized our understanding, not only of heredity, but of the mechanism and nature of evolution"
1940	Файл:Langevin.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his pioneer work on the electron theory of magnetism, his fundamental contributions to discharge of electricity in gases, and his important work in many branches of theoretical physics"
1941	Файл:Thomas Lewis (cardiologist).jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his clinical and experimental investigations upon the mammalian heart"
1942	Файл:Robert Robinson organic chemist.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his research work of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry"
1943	Файл:Joseph Barcroft c1940.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his distinguished work on respiration and the respiratory function of the blood"
1944		Шаблон:Sortname	"For his many contributions to aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the structure of metals, which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications"
1945	Файл:Oswald T. Avery portrait 1937.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his success in introducing chemical methods in the study of immunity against infective diseases"
1946	Файл:Edgar Douglas Adrian nobel.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his distinguished researches on the fundamental nature of nervous activity, and recently on the localization of certain nervous functions"
1947	Файл:Ghhardy@72.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his distinguished part in the development of mathematical analysis in England during the last thirty years"
1948	Файл:Archibald Vivian Hill.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his distinguished researches on myothermal problems and on biophysical phenomena in nerve and other tissues"
1949	Файл:George de Hevesy.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his distinguished work on the chemistry of radioactive elements and especially for his development of the radioactive tracer techniques in the investigation of biological processes"
1950	Файл:James Chadwick.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his outstanding work in nuclear physics and in the development of atomic energy, especially for his discovery of the neutron"
1951	Файл:David Keilin 1931.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his fundamental researches in the fields of protozoology, entomology and the biochemistry of enzymes"
1952	Файл:Dirac 4.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his remarkable contributions to relativistic dynamics of a particle in quantum mechanics"
1953	Файл:Dr. A.J. Kluyver, 1921.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his distinguished contributions of a fundamental character to the science of microbiology"	—
1954	Файл:Edmund Taylor Whitakker by Arthur Trevor Haddon.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his distinguished contributions to both pure and applied mathematics and to theoretical physics"
1955	Файл:Youngronaldfisher2.JPG	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory and application of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology"
1956	Файл:Blackett-large.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his outstanding studies of cosmic ray showers and heavy mesons and in the field of palaeomagnetism"	—
1957	Файл:Howard Walter Florey 1945.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to experimental pathology and medicine"
1958	Файл:John Edensor Littlewood.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to many branches of analysis, including Tauberian theory, the Riemann zeta function, and non-linear differential equations"
1959	Файл:Burnet 2jpg.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of viruses and of immunology"
1960		Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his distinguished work in many branches of geophysics, and also in the theory of probability and astronomy"
1961	Файл:Hans Adolf Krebs.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry, in particular his work on the ornithine, tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles"
1962	Файл:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood Nobel.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his distinguished researches in the field of chemical kinetics, including the study of biological reaction mechanisms, and of his outstanding contributions to natural philosophy"
1963	Файл:Sir Paul Fildes by Sir (Samuel) Luke Fildes.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to bacteriology."	—
1964	Файл:Sydney Chapman.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his theoretical contributions to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism, the ionosphere and the aurora borealis"
1965	Файл:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin nobel.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his discovery of the mechanism of excitation and impulse conduction in nerve, and his outstanding leadership in the development of neurophysiology"	—
1966	Файл:Wl-bragg.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the development of methods of structural determination by X-ray diffraction"
1967	Файл:Sir Bernard Katz.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the fundamental processes involved in transmission across the neuromuscular junction"	—
1968	Файл:Thadeus Reichstein ETH-Bib Portr 10137.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemistry of vitamin C and his authoritative studies of the cortico-steroids"	—
1969	Файл:Peter Brian Medawar.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his distinguished studies of tissue transplantation and immunological tolerance"
1970	Файл:Alexander Todd Nobel.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to both the analytical and synthetic chemistry of natural products of diverse types"
1971	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry and especially for his elucidation of the nature of plant viruses"	—
1972		Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his original contributions over a long period to atomic and solid state physics"
1973	Файл:Andrew Fielding Huxley nobel.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his outstanding studies on the mechanisms of the nerve impulse and of activation of muscular contraction"	—
1974	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his pioneering work in algebraic geometry, notably in his theory of harmonic integrals"
1975	Файл:Francis Crick crop.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology"
1976	Файл:Dorothy Hodgkin Nobel.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of her outstanding work on the structures of complex molecules, particularly Penicillin, vitamin B12 and insulin"
1977	Файл:Frederick Sanger2.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids"
1978	Файл:Robert Woodward Nobel.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his masterly contributions to the synthesis of complex natural products and his discovery of the importance of orbital symmetry"
1979	Файл:Max Perutz.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology through his own studies of the structure and biological activity of haemoglobin and his leadership in the development of the subject"
1980	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to a wide range of problems in structural and synthetic organic chemistry and, in particular, his introduction of conformational analysis into stereochemistry"
1981		Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his distinguished contribution to biology in his formulation and development of the chemiosmotic theory of energy transduction"
1982	Файл:John Cornforth 1975.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his distinguished research on the stereochemically-controlled synthesis and biosynthesis of biologically important molecules"
1983	Файл:Rodney Robert Porter.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins and of the reactions involved in activating the complement system of proteins"	—
1984	Файл:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.gif	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his distinguished work on theoretical physics, including stellar structure, theory of radiation, hydrodynamic stability and relativity"
1985	Файл:Aaron Klug 1979.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of complex biological structures and the methods used for determining them"	—
1986	Файл:Peierls,Rudolf 1966 Göttingen.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a very wide range of theoretical physics, and signal advances in proposing the probable existence of nuclear chain reactions in fissile materials"	—
1987		Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the nature and mechanism of the main pathway of electron transport in photosynthesis"	—
1988	Файл:Michael Francis Atiyah.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a wide range of topics in geometry, topology, analysis and theoretical physics"
1989	Файл:Milstein lnp.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to immunology, in particular to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and to the understanding of the role of somatic mutations in the maturation of the immune response"	—
1990	Файл:Abdus Salam 1987.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his work on the symmetries of the laws of nature, and especially the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces"
1991	Файл:EMLederberg GStent SBrenner JLederberg 1965 wiki.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his many contributions to molecular genetics and developmental biology, and his recent role in the Human Genome mapping project"	—
1992	Файл:George Porter Nobel.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his contributions to fundamental understanding of fast photochemical and photophysical processes and their role in chemistry and biology"
1993	Файл:James D Watson.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his tireless pursuit of DNA, from the elucidation of its structure to the social and medical implications of the sequencing of the human genome"
1994		Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the theory of crystal morphology, in particular to the source of dislocations and their consequences in interfaces and crystal growth; to fundamental understanding of liquid crystals and the concept of disclination; and to the extension of crystallinity concepts to aperiodic crystals. He has also contributed through a variety of remarkable insights into a great number of physical problems"	—
1995		Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his contribution to animal virology with special emphasis on the pox and myxomatosis viruses and their relationship with the host in causing disease"	—
1996	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his contribution to the understanding of mechanical properties of materials and related topics through his pioneering studies on crystal plasticity, dislocation impurity interactions, fracture and irradiation effects"
1997	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his pioneering work on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction, providing solutions to one of the great problems in physiology"	—
1998		Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his profound contributions to many fields within fluid mechanics including important aspects of the interaction of sound and fluid flow and numerous other contributions which have had practical applications in aircraft engine design. He is noted also for his ground-breaking work on both external bio-fluid-dynamics – analysis of mechanisms of swimming and flying – and internal bio-fluid-dynamics, including flow in the cardiovascular system and the airways, and cochlear mechanics and other aspects of hearing"
1999	Файл:John Maynard Smith.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his seminal contributions to evolutionary biology, including his experimental work on sexual selection, his important contributions to our understanding of ageing, his introduction of game theoretical methods for the analysis of complex evolutionary scenarios and his research into molecular evolution, both through his classic work on genetic hitchhiking, and with his more recent, ongoing work on bacterial population growth"
2000	Файл:ARBOffice.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his pioneering work in elucidating the detailed biosynthetic pathways to all the major families of plant alkaloids. His approach, which stands as a paradigm for future biosynthetic studies on complex molecules, combines isolation work, structure determination, synthesis, isotopic labelling and spectroscopy, especially advanced NMR, as well as genetics and molecular biology. This spectacular research revealed the entire pathway to vitamin B12"	—
2001	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his work on the immunological function of the thymus and of T cells, which has revolutionised the science of immunology. Professor Millers work is paving the way for designing new methods to improve resistance to infections, producing new vaccines, enhancing graft survival, dealing with autoimmunity and even persuading the immune system to reject cancer cells"	—
2002	Файл:John Anthony Pople.png	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. His work transformed density functional theory into a powerful theoretical tool for chemistry, chemical physics and biology"
2003	Файл:John Gurdon Cambridge 2012.JPG	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his unique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology. He pioneered the concept that specialised cells are genetically equivalent and that they differ only in the genes they express not the genes they contain, a concept fundamental to modern biology"	—
2004	Файл:Harold Kroto 1c389 8471.sweden.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"in recognition of his seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental dynamics of carbon chain molecules, leading to the detection of these species (polyynes) in the interstellar medium by radioastronomy, and thence to the genesis of a new era in carbon science"
2005	Файл:Paul Nurse portrait.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"for his contributions to cell biology in general, and to the elucidation of the control of cell division."	—
2006	Файл:Stephen Hawking.StarChild.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and theoretical cosmology. "
2007	Файл:BobMayHarvard.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"for his seminal studies of interactions within and among biological populations that have reshaped our understanding of how species, communities and entire ecosystems respond to natural or human created disturbance."	—
2008	Файл:Roger Penrose-6Nov2005.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang."	—
2009	Файл:Martin Evans Nobel Prize.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"for his seminal work on embryonic stem cells in mice, which revolutionised the field of genetics."	—
2010	Файл:Nci-vol-8182-300 david cox.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"for his seminal contributions to the theory and applications of statistics."
	Файл:Tomas Lindahl 0113.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"for his seminal contributions to the understanding of the biochemistry of DNA repair."
2011	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his seminal contributions to the understanding of geological and geophysical phenomena including tectonic plates."	—
2012	Файл:John Ernest Walker.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his ground-breaking work on bioenergetics, discovering the mechanism of ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion."
2013	Файл:Andre Geim 2010-1.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his numerous scientific contributions and, in particular, for initiating research on two‐dimensional atomic crystals and their artificial heterostructures."	—
2014	Файл:Alec Jeffreys.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his pioneering work on variation and mutation in the human genome."
2015	Файл:Higgs, Peter (1929)3.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his fundamental contribution to particle physics with his theory explaining the origin of mass in elementary particles, confirmed by the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider."
2016	Файл:Richard Henderson D81 4486 (38005042695).jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his fundamental and revolutionary contributions to the development of electron microscopy of biological materials, enabling their atomic structures to be deduced."
2017	Файл:Andrew wiles1-3.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his beautiful and unexpected proof of Fermat's Last Theorem which is one of the most important mathematical achievements of the 20th century."
2018	Файл:No image.svg	Шаблон:Sortname	"For his contributions to understanding the role of gut microbial communities to human health and disease."
2019	Файл:John B. Goodenough (cropped).jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"In recognition of his exceptional contributions to the science and technology of materials, including his discovery that led to rechargeable lithium batteries."
2020	Файл:Alan Fersht.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"He has developed and applied the methods of protein engineering to provide descriptions of protein folding pathways at atomic resolution, revolutionising our understanding of these processes."
2021	Файл:Launch of IYA 2009, Paris - Grygar, Bell Burnell cropped.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"for her work on the discovery of pulsars, one of the major astronomical discoveries of the 20th century"
2022	Файл:Oxford AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine AZD1222 - 4.jpg	Oxford-AstraZeneca Vaccine Team	"for rapidly developing and deploying a COVID-19 vaccine."
2023	Файл:Official portrait of Lord Rees of Ludlow crop 2.jpg	Шаблон:Sortname	"for being arguably the most distinguished theoretical astrophysicist of his generation, responsible for numerous and varied conceptual breakthroughs, with influence spreading far beyond the specialist academic community."

See also

• List of biology awards
• List of chemistry awards
• List of geology awards
• List of mathematics awards
• List of physics awards

External links

• Шаблон:Commons category-inline
• Шаблон:Cite web