Английская Википедия:Copper mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Copper mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (French: Extraction du cuivre en République démocratique du Congo) mainly takes place in the Copper Belt of the southern Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Not all copper deposits contain significant cobalt, but nearly all cobalt in the country is sourced from copper deposits. The DRC produces about 63% of the world's cobalt, with about 80% from industrial copper mines, and the remaining 20% gathered by artisanal mining.

Geology

The Katanga, or Shaba, copperbelt in the DRC is a belt about Шаблон:Convert wide and Шаблон:Convert long between Lubumbashi and Kolwezi formed in rocks of the Katanga Supergroup. There are 72 economic deposits of copper/cobalt and four large mining centers.Шаблон:Sfn Taken together, the DRC and Zambian copper belts are the second largest global reserve of copper, about 1/3 the size of the Chilean reserve.

The DRC copper belt includes some of the highest-grade copper deposits in the world. In some reserves the grades are above 5%. The ore also has high grades of cobalt and may hold 34% of the world's cobalt reserves. There are large deposits that have yet to be explored using modern technology, so the size of the reserves may be understated. Demand is growing, led by China.

History

Prehistoric mines in the Katanga belt have been found at Dikuluwe near Musonoi, Tenke-Fungurume, Kambove, Luishia, Ruashi and Etoile, and at the Naviundo and Luano archaeological sites.Шаблон:Sfn Monseigneur de Hemptinne watched Yeke people working at Dikuluwe as late as 1924. They worked in the dry season and stopped when the first rains arrived. The mining camp was near a stream where millet could be planted. Women and children collected malachite from the surface, while men used iron picks to excavate pits and shafts, using fire to crack the rocks when needed. The mines were between Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert deep with galleries up to Шаблон:Convert long. The ore would be sorted and then taken to a nearby stream for concentration before being smelted.Шаблон:Sfn

Commercial mining began in the 1920s, with a forcibly recruited workforce. The Union Minière constantly struggled to prevent recruits fleeing from the mines, sometimes taking refuge in Angola.Шаблон:Sfn Workers were mistreated and suffered badly from disease brought on by the working conditions. The lowest death rate at the Panda, Lubumbashi, Kisanga and Musonoi work sites in 1928 was four men per month.Шаблон:Sfn Today, mine worker exploitation is still prevalent and instances of slave labor, and especially child labor, are still observed in the mining industry according to the 2014 U.S. Department of Labor's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor.

Between 1970 and 1988 copper metal production was roughly constant at between 400,000 and 500,000 tonnes. Production then dropped steeply to under 50,000 tonnes annually between 1992 and 2001. Since then, production has steadily grown, reaching about 300,000 tonnes in 2008.

In 2005, proceeds from an oil sale to Glencore, an Anglo–Swiss multinational commodity trading and mining company, were seized as fraudulent gains as part of an investigation into corruption in the country (Allen-Mills 17 June 2008). In the course of the Congo events, Nikanor was merged into Katanga in late 2007 in a transaction valued at US$3.3 billion.

The government of the DRC began to review about 60 mining contracts in 2008, and started to release their findings to the mining companies in February 2008. For example, TEAL, a subsidiary of African Rainbow Minerals, was asked by letter to submit their feasibility study for their Kalumines property to identify the real contribution of each of the parties "in order to achieve a fair attribution of shares". The letter said the feasibility study should present a planning of "realisation of social actions with a visible impact". It also said that the state-owned Gécamines should actively participate in the daily management of the operation.

In August 2009, the DRC government revoked First Quantum Minerals' (FQM) license to operate the Kolwezi tailings project, alleging "unreasonable behaviour" in negotiations to change the contract. First Quantum had spent $750 million on acquiring and developing the property. First Quantum took out an action against the DRC government in the International Chamber of Commerce Court of Arbitration. In May 2010 a Congolese court ruled that FQM's Lonshi and Frontier copper mines had been awarded illegally and that they should revert to state-owned Sodimico. According to FQM the ruling was due to FQM's decision to contest the expropriation of their Kolwezi project, which was later sold to the Kazakh mining company Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation.

Companies

The largest shareholders in most copper mines in the DRC are foreign corporations, with the Congolese state-owned Gécamines holding a minority stake in most projects. In recent years, many Chinese companies have become major holders in various copper mines in the DRC.

China Nonferrous Metal Mining Group

China Nonferrous Metal Mining Group (CNMC) is the majority owner of the Deziwa mine and Ecaille C mine.

China Railway

China Railway, or its subsidiary, China Overseas Engineering Group, is a partner in the Luishia mine, the Kalumbwe Myunga mine, and the Sicomines venture at Dikuluwe Mine and Mashamba West.

CMOC Group Limited

CMOC Group Limited, formerly known as China Molybdenum, entered the DRC in 2016 with the purchase of the Tenke Fungurume Mine. It also purchased the Kisanfu mine which is under construction. Both mines were formerly held by Freeport-McMoRan.

Gécamines

Шаблон:Main Gécamines (La Générale des Carrières et des Mines), is a state-owned mining company in the DRC. Its principal products are copper (which often accounted for 50% of export earnings), cobalt and zinc. Copper mines in which Gécamines has a major interest include Kambove, Kipushi and Kolwezi. Gécamines also owns a copper smelter at Lubumbashi and a hydrometallurgical plant at Shituru.

The Industrial Development and Mining Corporation of Zaire (Société de développement industriel et minier du Zaire - SODIMIZA) is an operating company for copper and its derivatives in Katanga. The company also operates cobalt and zinc. It was created in 1967 and acquired by Gécamines in 1987.

The Kababankola Mining Company (KMC) is a joint-venture between Gécamines (20%) and Tremalt (80%) with the objective of exploiting Copper and cobalt.

Glencore

The Swiss company Glencore owns a number of large copper mines, particularly after acquiring Katanga Mining as a wholly owned subsidiary. Currently, Glencore owns majority stakes in Kamoto Copper Company SARL (KCC) and DRC Copper and Cobalt Project SARL (DCC), which run several copper/cobalt mines, as well as a Mutanda Mining SARL, which runs the Mutanda Mine.

Katanga Mining produces copper and cobalt at the Kamoto Mine, which also includes the Kamoto concentrator, the Luilu metallurgical plant, the Kamoto underground mine and two oxide open pit resources in the Kolwezi district. A joint venture of Katanga Mining (75%) and Gécamines (25%) began mining Tilwezembe, an open-pit copper and cobalt mine, in 2007. As of 2011 Katanga Mining was 74.8% owned by Glencore.

Jinchuan Group

Шаблон:Main Metorex, based in Johannesburg, South Africa, has assets in the DRC that include the existing Kinsenda Mine, the new Ruashi copper and cobalt mine, and the Dilala East and Lubembe deposit greenfields sites.

Copper Resources Corporation is a subsidiary of Meterox. As of November 2011 it held a 92.5% interest in the Hinoba-an Porphyry Copper project in the Philippines, and a 75% interest in Miniere de Musoshi et Kinsenda (MMK). MMK in turn owns the flooded Kinsenda and Musoshi copper mines in Katanga. MMK was formerly a subsidiary of Forrest Group. As of 30 November 2005 it became a subsidiary of Copper Resources Corporation. MMK also holds the Lubembe high-grade deposit.

Jinchuan Group acquired Metorex in 2012, making it a fully owned subsidiary.

Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt

Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt holds stakes in the Luiswishi mine and Kolwezi copper mine.

Other

Afrimines Resources SPRL, based in Democratic Republic of the Congo, owns various mining resources. In May 2008 Tiger Resources announced that it had secured the rights to explore several new and highly prospective tenements in Katanga in partnership with Afrimines Resources and Katanga Minerals Holdings.

The Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation (ENRC) has a significant presence, particularly with the Mukondo Mine asset, since its takeover of the Central African Mining and Exploration Company (CAMEX).

Mines

Copper mines in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are concentrated in the Copperbelt, in the provinces of Haut-Katanga and Lualaba, both part of the historical province of Katanga until 2015. The ownership of most mines is structured as a joint venture split between a foreign company and the DRC state-controlled miners Gécamines and Sodimico. Mines currently active in green, mines soon opening in blue, mines suspended in red.

Name	Territory	Coordinates	Ownership	Annual capacity
Deziwa mine	Mutshatasha-Kolwezi	Шаблон:Coord	Société Miniere De Deziwa (Somidez) China Nonferrous Metal Mining Group (51%) Gécamines (49%)
Dikuluwe Mine	Mutshatasha-Kolwezi	Шаблон:Coord	Sino-Congolaises des Mines (Sicomines) Chinese consortium (68%) Gécamines (32%)	Copper: 155,630 tons Cobalt: 886 tons (2020)
Kalakundi Mine	Mutshatasha-Kolwezi	Шаблон:Coord	Swanmines Eurasian Resources Group (75%) Gécamines (25%)
Kalumbwe Myunga mine	Mutshatasha-Kolwezi	Шаблон:Coord	Minière de Kalumbwe Myunga (MKM) China Railway Group
Kamoa-Kakula mine	Mutshatasha-Kolwezi	Шаблон:Coord	Kamoa Copper Ivanhoe Mines (39.6%) Zijin Mining (39.6%) Congolese state (20%)	105,884 tonnes copper (2021)
Kamoto Mine	Mutshatasha-Kolwezi	Шаблон:Coord	Kamoto Copper Company (KCC) Glencore (75%) Gécamines (25%)	46,000 tonnes copper and 4,000 tonnes cobalt (2008).
Kananga Mine	Mutshatasha-Kolwezi	Шаблон:Coord	DRC Copper and Cobalt Project SARL Glencore (75%) Gécamines (25%)	Suspended
Kisanfu mine	Mutshatasha-Kolwezi	Шаблон:Coord	China Molybdenum (71.25%) CATL (23.75%) DRC government (5%)	Planned opening in 2023
Kolwezi copper mine	Mutshatasha-Kolwezi	Шаблон:Coord	Compagnie Minière de Musonoï (COMMUS) Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt (72%) Gécamines (28%)	Active
Kolwezi tailings project	Mutshatasha-Kolwezi	Шаблон:Coord	Compagnie de Traitement des Rejets de Kingamyambo (Metalkol) Eurasian Resources Group Gécamines (5%)
KOV mine	Mutshatasha-Kolwezi	Шаблон:Coord	Kamoto Copper Company (KCC) Glencore (75%) Gécamines (25%)	?
Mashamba East	Mutshatasha-Kolwezi	Шаблон:Coord	Kamoto Copper Company (KCC) Glencore (75%) Gécamines (25%)	?
Musonoi mine	Mutshatasha-Kolwezi	Шаблон:Coord	Ruashi Mining Metorex (Jinchuan Group) (75%) Gécamines (25%)	Planned opening in 2023.
Mutanda Mine	Mutshatasha-Kolwezi	Шаблон:Coord	Mutanda Mining (MUMI) Glencore (100%)	Suspended since 2019, planned reopening in 2022
Mutoshi Mine	Mutshatasha-Kolwezi	Шаблон:Coord	Chemaf (Shalina Resources)	Suspended since 2020, planned reopening in 2023.
Shabara mine	Mutshatasha-Kolwezi	Шаблон:Coord	Artisanal mining (de facto)
Tilwezembe	Mutshatasha-Kolwezi	Шаблон:Coord	DRC Copper and Cobalt Project SARL Glencore (75%) Gécamines (25%)	Suspended since 2008.
Kabolela Mine	Lubudi	Шаблон:Coord		Abandoned: Worked for cobalt during the 1930s
Kakanda deposit	Lubudi	Шаблон:Coord	Boss Mining Eurasian Resources Group (51%) Gécamines (49%)	Abandoned.
Mukondo Mine	Lubudi	Шаблон:Coord	Boss Mining Eurasian Resources Group (51%) Gécamines (49%)	Suspended since 2019
Tenke Fungurume mine	Lubudi	Шаблон:Coord	Tenke Fungurume Mining (TFM) China Molybdenum (80%) Gécamines (20%)	209,120 tonnes copper and 18,501 tonnes cobalt (2021)
Kamatanda	Kambove	Шаблон:Coord	Gécamines
Kamfundwa Mine	Kambove	Шаблон:Coord	Gécamines	400,000 tonnes copper in ore and 48,000 tonnes cobalt in ore (2008).
Kamoya Central	Kambove		Gécamines	79,000 tonnes copper in ore and 7,000 tonnes cobalt in ore (2008).
Kamoya South	Kambove		Gécamines	36,000 tonnes copper in ore and 11,000 tonnes cobalt in ore (2008).
Kipoi Mine	Kambove	Шаблон:Coord	Société d'Exploitation de Kipoi (SEK) Tiger Resources (95%) Gécamines (5%)	100,000 tonnes of copper metal (target)
Luishia mine	Kambove	Шаблон:Coord	Compagnie Minière de Luisha (COMILU) China Railway Group (72%) Gécamines (28%)
Luisha south	Kambove		Luisha Mining Enterprises (LME) Excellen Minerals SARL
Lupoto Mine	Kambove	Шаблон:Coord	SASE Mining SARL Tiger Resources (95%) DRC government (5%)	Prospect
M'sesa Mine	Kambove	Шаблон:Coord		Abandoned during the 1970s
Mabende Mine	Kambove	Шаблон:Coord	CNMC Huachin Mabende Mining China Nonferrous Metal Mining Group
Shangolowe	Kambove	Шаблон:Coord	Gécamines	N/A
Shituru	Kambove	Шаблон:Coord	Pengxin Mining	38,000 tonnes of LME grade cathode copper (potential).
Kalumines	Kipushi	Шаблон:Coord	Gecamines	10,000 tonnes copper (2008).
Kinsevere	Kipushi	Шаблон:Coord	Société Minière de Kinsevere MMG Limited	60,000 tons of copper (estimate)
Kipushi Mine	Kipushi	Шаблон:Coord	Kipushi Corporation (KICO) Ivanhoe Mines (68%) Gécamines (32%)	Abandoned
Luiswishi mine	Kipushi	Шаблон:Coord	Congo Dongfang International Mining (CDM) Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt	12,000 tons copper, 4,000 tons of cobalt
Musoshi Mine	Kipushi	Шаблон:Coord	Société de développement industriel et minier du Congo (SODIMICO)	Suspended
Etoile Mine	Lubumbashi	Шаблон:Coord	Chemaf (Shalina Resources)	11,353 tonnes copper (2008)
Ruashi Mine	Lubumbashi	Шаблон:Coord	Ruashi Mining Metorex (Jinchuan Group) (75%) Gécamines (25%)	10,000 tonnes copper and 1,000 tonnes of Cobalt (2008).
Frontier Mine	Sakania	Шаблон:Coord	Eurasian Resources Group	84,000 tonnes copper (2008).
Kinsenda Mine	Sakania	Шаблон:Coord	Kinseda Copper Company Metorex (Jinchuan Group) (77%) Sodimico (23%)	28,414 tonnes of copper (2018)
Lonshi Mine	Sakania	Шаблон:Coord	Sabwe Mining JCHX Mining Management	50,000 tonnes copper (2008).
Dikulushi mine	Pweto	Шаблон:Coord	Everbright Mining JCHX Mining Management	20,000 tonnes copper (2008).
Kapulo mine	Pweto	Шаблон:Coord

See also

• Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Sources

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book

External links

• Шаблон:Commons category-inline