Английская Википедия:Coptic names
Шаблон:CoptsCoptic names refer to the personal names used by the Copts, the indigenous Christian inhabitants of Egypt. They reflect the intersection of Egyptian, Greek, Arab and Christian influences in the region and encompass a diverse range of naming practices, which have evolved over centuries.
History
The oldest layer of the Egyptian naming tradition is native Egyptian names. These can be either traced back to pre-Coptic stage of the language, attested in Hieroglyphic, Hieratic or Demotic texts (i.e. Шаблон:Coptic, Шаблон:Coptic, Шаблон:Coptic, Шаблон:Coptic) or be first attested in Coptic texts and derived from purely Coptic lemmas (i.e. Шаблон:Coptic, Шаблон:Coptic, Шаблон:Coptic, Шаблон:Coptic).
The conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great and subsequent rule of the Ptolemaic dynasty led to Hellenisation of Egypt, which led to adoption of a great number of Greek names by the Copts (i.e. Шаблон:Coptic, Шаблон:Coptic, Шаблон:Coptic, Шаблон:Coptic, Шаблон:Coptic), which was advanced even further by the Christianization and influx of Hellenised Hebrew and Aramaic names (i.e. Шаблон:Coptic, Шаблон:Coptic, Шаблон:Coptic, Шаблон:Coptic). Most names with exclusively pagan connotations, both Egyptian and Greek, fell out of use after the 3rd century, although some persisted, taken from the martyrdoms of venerated saints, e.g. Anoup, Phib, Diogenes, Phoibammon, Shenoute, Sarapion, Onnophris.[1]
The Roman conquest of Egypt added Latin names to Egyptian naming tradition (Шаблон:Coptic, Шаблон:Coptic). Over time, many of these foreign names were gradually Egyptianized, while some Egyptian names underwent Hellenization, resulting in the development of a distinctive syncretic Graeco-Egyptian naming tradition.
After the Arab conquests of the Middle East, the Arabs implemented a policy of strict segregation to subjugate the native inhabitants of the occupied lands, including the Copts in Egypt. This policy aimed to easily identify and exploit them financially. The second Caliph, Umar I, established a code known as "The Pact of Umar" that governed the relationship between ruling Muslims and the non-Muslim "People of the Book" (including Christians). The code restricted non-Muslims from using certain names, nicknames, and kunyas. The Sunni jurist Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya emphasized that Muslim names were reserved exclusively for Muslims, while non-Muslims were allowed to use their own names or shared names. However, non-Muslims were prohibited from using names that implied honor or virtue, e.g. Rashid (Шаблон:Lang-ar) or Salih (Шаблон:Lang-ar).
Despite these strict restrictions, changes began to emerge over time. During the Fatimid Dynasty, which ruled Egypt from 969 to 1171 and followed the Ismaili branch of Shia Islam, there was a relative period of tolerance towards the Copts. The Fatimids sought the support of the educated Coptic population and relaxed some of the Sunni restrictions. As a result, Copts started assimilating into Arab and Muslim culture to escape social segregation and promote social mobility. This included adopting Arab and Muslim names for their children, as well as using nicknames and kunyas that were previously exclusive to Arabs and Muslims.[2]
Given names
EgyptianШаблон:Efn
Greek and Latin
Graeco-Egyptian
| Coptic | Arabic | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Male names | ||
| Шаблон:Coptic
(Arpokratōr) |
Шаблон:Lang-ar | Harpocrates |
| Шаблон:Coptic
(Isidōros) |
Шаблон:Lang-ar | Isidore |
| Шаблон:Coptic(Phanikeros/Panikyros) | Шаблон:Lang-ar | From Шаблон:Coptic (possessive masculine article) + Шаблон:Coptic (genitive marker) + Шаблон:Coptic ("Lord"), "the one of the Lord" |
| ⲫⲟⲓⲃⲁⲙⲙⲱⲛ
(Phoibammōn) |
Шаблон:Lang-ar | Φοῖβος (“Brilliant one, epithet of Apollo”) + Ἄμμων (“Amun”) |
| Шаблон:Coptic (Patermouthios) | Шаблон:Lang-ar | A Hellenisation of Шаблон:Coptic |
| Шаблон:Coptic (Pesynthios) | Шаблон:Lang-ar | A Hellenisation of Шаблон:Coptic |
| Шаблон:Coptic
(Psōtēr) |
Шаблон:Lang-ar | Шаблон:Coptic (definite masculine article) + Σωτήρ "saviour", an epithet of Christ |
| Шаблон:Coptic (Senouthios) | Шаблон:Lang-ar | A Hellenisation of Шаблон:Coptic |
| Шаблон:Coptic (Sarapamōn) | Шаблон:Lang-ar | Σέραπις (“Serapis”) + Ἄμμων (“Amun”) |
| ⲙⲏⲛⲁ
(Mēna) |
Шаблон:Lang-ar | From Ancient Greek Μηνᾶς (Mēnâs) which comes from Demotic mnw (“the god Min”) |
Semitic/Biblical
| Coptic | Arabic | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Male names | ||
| Шаблон:Coptic (Avraham) | Шаблон:Lang-ar, | Abraham |
| Шаблон:Coptic (Veniamin) | Шаблон:Lang-ar | Benjamin |
| Шаблон:Coptic (Gavriēl) | Шаблон:Lang-ar | Gabriel |
| Шаблон:Coptic (Daueid) | Шаблон:Lang-ar, | David |
| Шаблон:Coptic (Enōkh) | Шаблон:Lang-ar | Enoch |
| Шаблон:Coptic (Iōsēph) | Шаблон:Lang-ar | Joseph |
| Шаблон:Coptic (Iohannēs) | Шаблон:Lang-ar, | John |
| Шаблон:Coptic (Isaak) | Шаблон:Lang-ar | Isaac |
| Шаблон:Coptic (Mikhaēl) | Шаблон:Lang-ar | Michael |
| Шаблон:Coptic (Parsōma) | Шаблон:Lang-ar; | Шаблон:Lang-syc |
| Шаблон:Coptic (Sedrak) | Шаблон:Lang-ar | Sydrach |
| Шаблон:Coptic (Sisinnios) | Шаблон:Lang-ar | From Шаблон:Lang-syr, ultimately from Шаблон:Lang-akk |
| Шаблон:Coptic (Zakharias) | Шаблон:Lang-ar | Zachary |
| Female names | ||
| Шаблон:Coptic
(Elisavet) |
Шаблон:Lang-ar | Elisabeth |
| Шаблон:Coptic
(Martha) |
Шаблон:Lang-ar | Martha |
| Шаблон:Coptic (Revekka) | Шаблон:Lang-ar | Rebecca |
| Шаблон:Coptic
(Sousanna) |
Шаблон:Lang-ar | Susan |
ArabicШаблон:Efn
| Arabic | English | Coptic | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male names | |||
| نجيب | Naguib | "noble" | |
| فريد | Farid | "only" | |
| فادي | Fadi | "redeemer, saviour" | |
| رامي | Rami | "archer" | |
| ثروت | Tharwat | "treasure" | |
| عبد المسيح | Abd el-Masih | ⲁⲡⲧⲏⲗⲙⲉⲥⲏϩ
(Aptēlmesēh) |
"slave of the Messiah" |
| لابيب | Labib | ⲗⲁⲃⲓⲃ
(Labib) |
"wise" |
| سيدهم | Sidhom | Шаблон:Coptic (Sidhom) | "their Lord" |
| ميلاد | Milad | "birth", "Christmas" | |
| رمزي | Ramzi | "symbol" | |
| كامل | Kamal | "perfect, genuine" | |
| صليب | Salib | Шаблон:Coptic
(Salep) |
"cross" |
| باسيم | Basem | Шаблон:Coptic
(Basimos) |
"smiling" |
| حديد | Hadid | Шаблон:Coptic (Hadid) | "iron" |
| حبيب | Habib | Шаблон:Coptic (Hapip), Шаблон:Coptic (Abibo) | "beloved" |
| عبد الله | Abdulla | Шаблон:Coptic (Abdella), Шаблон:Coptic (Bikoulla), a Copto-Arabic hybrid, where Arabic "abd" is replaced with "Шаблон:Coptic" "servant" | "servant of God" |
| Female names | |||
| ماجدة | Majda | "glorious" | |
Christian concepts
Some of the modern Coptic Arabic names are translation of Christian concepts from Coptic and Greek:
| Arabic translation | Coptic/Greek name | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Salah (صلاح) | Αγαθόν (Agathon) | "good" |
| Atallah (عطاالله) | Θεόδωρος (Theodoros) | "given by God" |
| Sadiq (صديق) | ⲡⲓⲑⲙⲏⲓ (Pithmei) | "true, righteous" |
| Sami (سامي) | ⲡⲓϣⲱⲓ (Pišōy) | “high, exalted” |
| Habib (حبيب) | ⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ (Menrit) | "beloved" |
| Eid (عيد) | ⲡⲓϣⲁⲓ (Pišai) | "feast, holiday" |
| Fadi (فادي) | ⲡⲥⲱⲧⲏⲣ (Psōtēr) | "saviour" |
| Ḥikma (حكمة) | Шаблон:Coptic (Sophia) | "wisdom" |
| Iman (إيمان) | Шаблон:Coptic (Pistis) | "faith" |
| Bishara (بشارة) | Шаблон:Coptic (Pišennoufi) | "good news", "Annunciation" |
| Salib (صليب) | ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ (Pistauros) | "cross" |
Diminutives and short forms
Diminutives and shortened forms are created by either removing one or more syllables from the beginning or end of the original first name to create a familiar or affectionate variation that is often used in casual or close relationships.[3]
| Name | Diminutive |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Coptic | Шаблон:Coptic, Шаблон:Coptic, Шаблон:Coptic |
| ⲑⲉⲟⲇⲱⲣⲟⲥ | ⲧⲉϫⲓ (Шаблон:Lang-ar), ⲑⲱⲧⲣⲓ, ⲇⲱⲣⲉ |
| ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲟⲥ | ⲁⲗⲉⲝ, ⲁⲗⲝⲁⲓ |
| ⲧⲓⲙⲟⲑⲉⲟⲥ | ϯⲙⲱ |
| Шаблон:Coptic | Шаблон:Coptic |
| Шаблон:Coptic | Шаблон:Coptic |
| ⲉⲡⲓⲫⲁⲛⲓⲟⲥ | ⲫⲁⲛⲓⲟⲥ (Шаблон:Lang-ar) |
| Шаблон:Coptic | Шаблон:Coptic (Шаблон:Lang-ar) |
| ⲕⲗⲉⲟⲡⲁⲧⲣⲁ | ⲕⲗⲉⲱⲡⲁ |
Compound names
Coptic has a number of compound names, made by combining Шаблон:Coptic, a Coptic rendering of the Greek word ἀββα (abba, “abba, father”), with a personal name of a saint or a martyr, whose honorific title "abba" became a part of his name (i.e. St. Abadir, St. Abamun, St. Abanub).[4]
| Coptic | Arabic | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Male names | ||
| Шаблон:Coptic
(Apakyri) |
Шаблон:Lang-ar | A combination of Шаблон:Coptic and a personal name Шаблон:Coptic |
| Шаблон:Coptic
(Apamoun) |
Шаблон:Lang-ar | A combination of Шаблон:Coptic and a personal name Шаблон:Coptic |
| Шаблон:Coptic
(Apanoub) |
Шаблон:Lang-ar | A combination of Шаблон:Coptic and a personal name Шаблон:Coptic |
| Шаблон:Coptic (Apaskhyron) | Шаблон:Lang-ar | A combination of Шаблон:Coptic and a personal name Шаблон:Coptic |
| Шаблон:Coptic (Apatil) | Шаблон:Lang-ar | A combination of Шаблон:Coptic and a personal name Шаблон:Coptic |
| Шаблон:Coptic (Apatēr) | Шаблон:Lang-ar | A combination of Шаблон:Coptic and a personal name Шаблон:Coptic |
European forms
In recent years the original Coptic forms of the names get replaced with European ones, mostly from English, French and German, e.g. Maurice (Шаблон:Lang-ar, Шаблон:Lang-cop) replaced the native Maurikios (Шаблон:Lang-cop, Шаблон:Lang-ar) and George (Шаблон:Lang-ar) replaced Georgios (Шаблон:Lang-cop, Шаблон:Lang-ar).
With the rise of Egyptology in the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, Ancient Egyptian names, often adopted from Ancient Greek "Egyptological" forms, gained prominence among the Coptic community, i.e. Ramesses or Ramsis (compare to Шаблон:Lang-cop, a form attested in the Bible), Amasis, Sesostris, Narmer.
Second names and surnames
The concept of second name and a surname wasn't developed in Classical Coptic, although epithets and nicknames were used to distinguish people, such as:
ⲁⲙⲉ "herd, pastor", ⲙⲁⲣⲏⲥ "Southener", ⲡⲉⲃⲱ "dumb", ⲡⲕⲱϩⲧ "fire", ⲡⲟⲩⲱⲛϣ "the wolf", ⲡⲓⲭⲁⲙⲉ "the black", ⲡⲓϧⲉⲙⲥ "ear of corn", ⲡⲉϭⲱϣ "Ethiopian, black", ⲡϭⲏϫⲉ "purple", ⲱ "great", ϣⲏⲙ "small", ⲗⲁⲙⲡⲟⲩⲥ (Gr.) "bright, shining", ⲧⲭⲉϩⲗⲓ (Ar.) "of the elders", ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ (Шаблон:Lang-ar) "the cross".
Demonyms
Demonyms are based on the place of origin, formed by either using a prefix Шаблон:Coptic ("the man of") and it's female equivalent Шаблон:Coptic or by using possessive article Шаблон:Coptic and it's feminine parallel Шаблон:Coptic "the one of" (typical to Middle Egypt[5]):
Masculine: ⲡⲓⲣⲉⲙⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ (pi-Remrakoti) "from Alexandria", ⲡⲓⲣⲉⲙⲡⲟⲩⲥⲓⲣⲓ (pi-Rempousiri) "from Pousiri", ⲡⲁⲛⲉ (Pane) "from Thebes", ⲡⲣⲟⲙⲉⲛⲉⲥⲓⲛⲁ (p-Romenesina) "from Sinai";
Feminine: ⲧⲁⲡⲓⲁⲙ (Tapiam) "from Faiyum", ⲧⲣⲟⲙⲡⲁⲃⲁⲓⲧ (t-Rompabait) "from Behbeit", etc.
Patronymics
The patronymics, like in many other languages, Coptic uses patronymics to establish lineage, differentiate individuals and provide practical identification within certain cultures by incorporating the father's name into a person's own name. In Coptic it's achieved by adding prefix Шаблон:Coptic (or it's forms Шаблон:Coptic), "the son of" or Шаблон:Coptic (or it's forms Шаблон:Coptic) "the daughter of" to a father's name. Additionally, Шаблон:Coptic is used to translate Arabic patronymic (Шаблон:Lang-ar). So if someones name is Tawadrus ibn Mīnā in Arabic, it would be Theodoros pshe Mena (Шаблон:Coptic) in Coptic.[6]
References
External links
- Trismegistos, an online database of Coptic names attested in Egypt
Further reading
- Heuser, Gustav (1929). Die koptischen Personennamen ägyptischen Ursprungs (in German). Dietrich.
- Stefan, Timm (1988). Das christlich-koptische Agypten in arabischer Zeit.
- W.E., Crum (1909) Catalogue of the Coptic manuscripts in the collection of the John Rylands library, Manchester. Manchester: University press.
- Ishak, Emile Maher (1975). The Phonetics and Phonology of the Boḥairic Dialect of Coptic and the Survival of Coptic Words in the Colloquial and Classical Arabic of Egypt and of Coptic Grammatical Constructions in Colloquial Egyptian Arabic. University of Oxford.
Шаблон:Names in world cultures
