Английская Википедия:Cordillera Central páramo
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:Infobox ecoregion The Cordillera Central páramo (NT1004) is an ecoregion containing páramo (high moorland) vegetation above the treeline in the Andes mountain range of northern Peru and southern Ecuador. Due to its isolation there are high levels of endemism. Despite many human settlements and some destruction of habitat by agriculture and mining, the ecoregion is relatively intact.
Geography
Location
The Cordillera Central páramo is found in the upper regions of the Andes in northern Peru and southern Ecuador. The ecoregion has an area of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn The páramo covers ridges and mountains in the high basins of the Piura and Cajamarca regions of Peru and in the south of Ecuador.Шаблон:Sfn The northern part of the ecoregion is surrounded by the Eastern Cordillera Real montane forests ecoregion. Further south it adjoins or is surrounded by Tumbes–Piura dry forests, Marañón dry forests, Peruvian Yungas, Ucayali moist forests, Sechura Desert and Central Andean wet puna.Шаблон:Sfn
Terrain
The Cordillera Central páramo begins at the treeline around Шаблон:Convert of elevation and extends upward to the permanent snowline at about Шаблон:Convert. Some mountains are volcanic in origin from the Tertiary period, but there are also Paleozoic metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, Paleocene batholiths and areas of Precambrian rock. Terrain includes steep slopes on the high peaks, and flat or rolling tablelands cut by deep valleys in which the climate is milder. Soils are wet or marshy, with rocky regions and rock outcroppings. The páramo is the source of many streams that run down the east and west slopes of the Andes and provide an important source of water to the human populations lower down. In Peru it supplies the Quirós, Huancabamba and Chinchipe rivers.Шаблон:Sfn
Climate
The Köppen climate classification is "Cfb": warm temperate, fully humid, warm summer.Шаблон:Sfn The climate is cold, wet and very cloudy, with high rainfall. Temperatures generally fall below freezing at night.Шаблон:Sfn
Ecology
The Cordillera Central páramo ecoregion is in the neotropical realm, in the montane grasslands and shrublands biome.Шаблон:Sfn The wet shrublands are the most southern group of páramos in the Neotropical realm. The great Huancabamba Depression lies to the south of the ecoregion, a barrier that prevents flora and fauna from migrating between the north and south Andes mountains.Шаблон:Sfn
The ecoregion is part of the Northern Andean Páramo global ecoregion, which includes the Cordillera Central páramo, Santa Marta páramo, Cordillera de Merida páramo and Northern Andean páramo terrestrial ecoregions. The plants and animals are adapted to the cold, dry conditions of the high peaks. There is a high level of local endemism, particularly on the more isolated peaks.Шаблон:Sfn Part of the Cordillera Central páramo has been identified as a hotspot, a threatened area with a high level of endemism. Other hotspots in Peru include the Marañón dry forests, central Peruvian Yungas and central Andean puna.Шаблон:Sfn
Flora
Vegetation includes tussock grasses and cushion plants, shrubs and sedges, often with an under-layer of lichens and moss.Шаблон:Sfn The lower levels of páramo merge into dwarf transitional forest and montane cloud forest. The characteristic vegetation consists of plants of the genera Calamagrostis, Agrostis and Hypericum, There are also shrubs of genera such as Polylepis and Escallonia. The isolated position of the páramos has resulted in high levels of endemism among the diverse plant species. There are 300 genera of spermatophytes with 1,000–1,500 species, of which about 60% are endemic. Notable species of flora include Cinchona officinalis and Schmardaea microphylla.Шаблон:Sfn
Fauna
The fauna of the plateau include species that originated from the Amazon basin, from the tropical Andes and from the northern desert areas. Mammals include mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque), little red brocket (Mazama rufina), spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus), northern pudú (Pudu mephistophiles) and small-eared shrews (genus Cryptotis).Шаблон:Sfn The mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque) is endangered.Шаблон:Sfn The ecoregion has three endemic bird species. Endangered birds include the bearded guan (Penelope barbata) and red-faced parrot (Hapalopsittaca pyrrhops).Шаблон:Sfn The rufous-breasted warbling finch (Poospiza rubecula) is also endangered.Шаблон:Sfn
Other fauna include the Huancabamba whorltail lizard (Stenocercus huancabambae), the frogs Astrotheca galeata, Gastrotheca lateonata, Lynchius parkeri, Gastrotheca nebulanastes and genus Eleutherodactylus and butterflies of the genera Dismorphia, Pagyris and Veladyris.Шаблон:Sfn Endangered amphibians include Atelopus peruensis, Hyloxalus elachyhistus, Lynchius parkeri, Pristimantis simonsii, Telmatobius brevipes, Telmatobius degener and Telmatobius thompsoni.Шаблон:Sfn
Status
The World Wildlife Fund gives the ecoregion the status "Relatively Stable/Intact". The ecoregion has been used by humans for many years, with many settlements and highways crossing the plateau, but is still fairly intact, A recent expansion of the human population and increase in agriculture is destroying the habitat around settlements.Шаблон:Sfn Overgrazing by livestock is causing erosion of the soil.Шаблон:Sfn Mining waste sometimes contaminates the rivers.Шаблон:Sfn Protected areas include the Podocarpus National Park.Шаблон:Sfn
Notes
Sources
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