Английская Википедия:Cordillera Paine
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Infobox mountain The Cordillera Paine is a mountain group in Torres del Paine National Park in Chilean Patagonia. The cordillera is located Шаблон:Convert north of Punta Arenas, and about Шаблон:Cvt south of the Chilean capital Santiago. It belongs to the Commune of Torres del Paine in Última Esperanza Province of Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region. No accurate surveys have been published, and published elevations have been claimed to be seriously inflated, so most of the elevations given on this page are approximate.[1] Paine means "blue" in the native Tehuelche (Aonikenk) language and is pronounced PIE-nay.[2]
Peaks
The highest summit of the range is Cerro Paine Grande. For a long time its elevation was claimed to be Шаблон:Cvt, but in August 2011 it was ascended for the third time, measured using GPS and found to be Шаблон:Cvt.[3]
The three Towers of Paine (Шаблон:Lang-es) form the centrepiece of Parque Nacional Torres del Paine. The South Tower of Paine (about Шаблон:Cvt in elevation,[1] is now thought to be the highest of the three, although this has not been definitely established. It was first climbed in 1963 by Armando Aste.[4] The Central Tower (about Шаблон:Cvt[1] in elevation) was first climbed in 1963 by Chris Bonington and Don Whillans. In 2017, three Belgian climbers, Nico Favresse, Siebe Vanhee and Sean Villanueva O'Driscoll, made the first free ascent up the rock face, which is about Шаблон:Cvt.Шаблон:Citation needed The North Tower (about Шаблон:Cvt in elevation) was first climbed in 1958 by Guido Monzino.[5]
Other summits include the Cuerno Principal, about Шаблон:Cvt in elevation,[1] and Cerro Paine Chico, which is usually quoted at about Шаблон:Cvt.[1]
Geology
The range is made up of a yellowish granite underlain by grey gabbro-diorite laccolith and the sedimentary rocks it intrudes, deeply eroded by glaciers. The steep, light colored faces are eroded from the tougher, vertically jointed granitic rocks, while the foothills and dark cap rocks are the sedimentary country rock, in this case flysch deposited in the Cretaceous and later folded.[6]
The radiometric age for the quartz diorite at Cerro Paine is 12Шаблон:Nbsp±Шаблон:Nbsp2 million years by the rubidium-strontium method and 13Шаблон:Nbsp±Шаблон:Nbsp1 million years by the potassium-argon method.[7] More precise ages of 12.59Шаблон:Nbsp±Шаблон:Nbsp0.02 and 12.50Шаблон:Nbsp±Шаблон:Nbsp0.02 million years for the earliest and latest identified phases of the intrusion, respectively, were achieved using Uranium–lead dating methods on single zircon crystals.[8] Basal gabbro and diorite were dated by a similar technique to 12.472Шаблон:Nbsp±Шаблон:Nbsp0.009 to 12.431Шаблон:Nbsp±Шаблон:Nbsp0.006 million years.[9] Thus, magma was intruded and crystallized over 162Шаблон:Nbsp±Шаблон:Nbsp11 thousand years. High resolution dating and excellent 3-D exposure of the laccolith and its vertical feeding system allow detailed reconstruction of the Torres del Paine fossil magma chamber history.[10]
Hiking
The Torres del Paine National Park—an area of Шаблон:Cvt—was declared a Biosphere Reserve by the UNESCO in 1978 and receives about 250,000 visitors annually.[11] Trails and some campsites are maintained by Chile's National Forest Corporation, and mountain huts provide shelter and basic services.
See also
References
- Biggar, John, 2015. The Andes: A Guide for Climbers (4th edition, Шаблон:ISBN).
- Kearney, Alan, 1993. Mountaineering in Patagonia. Seattle USA: Cloudcap.
External links
- Complete description of Torres del Paine in Andeshandbook
- x666AFSFASDDFFA Patagonia Webcam and maps from Paine
- Torres del Paine on summitpost
- Torres del Paine Circuit Planning
- Photograph of the cordillera from Estero Última Esperanza, 50 km to the south
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 Biggar, John, 2015. The Andes: A Guide for Climbers (4th edition, Шаблон:ISBN). Several elevations given by this authority are much lower than those given by other authorities, and the higher elevations are not supported by official Chilean IGM maps.
- ↑ Abraham, Rudolf (2011). Torres del Paine: Trekking in Chile's Premier National Park. Milnthorpe: Cicerone Press. p. 17. Шаблон:ISBN. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Martin Halpern "Regional Geochronology of Chile South of 50 degrees Latitude", Bulletin Geological Society of America, v. 84, p. 2410, 1973.
- ↑ Juergen Michel, Lukas Baumgartner, Benita Putlitz, Urs Schaltegger and Maria Ovtcharova, Incremental growth of the Patagonian Torres del Paine Laccolith over 90 k.y., Geology, 36(6):459–462, 2008.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ http://www.conaf.cl/wp-content/files_mf/1486060377Tot_a%C3%B1o_2016.pdf Шаблон:Bare URL PDF
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