Английская Википедия:Corinna

Corinna or Korinna (Шаблон:Lang-grc) was an ancient Greek lyric poet from Tanagra in Boeotia. Although ancient sources portray her as a contemporary of Pindar (born Шаблон:Circa), not all modern scholars accept the accuracy of this tradition. When she lived has been the subject of much debate since the early twentieth century, proposed dates ranging from the beginning of the fifth century to the late third century BC.

Corinna's works survive only in fragments: three substantial sections of poems are preserved on second-century AD papyri from Egypt; several shorter pieces survive in quotations by ancient grammarians. They focus on local Boeotian legends, and are distinctive for their mythological innovations. Corinna's poetry often reworks well-known myths to include details not known from any other sources. Though respected in her hometown, Tanagra, and popular in ancient Rome, modern critics have often regarded her as parochial and dull; her poetry is nonetheless of interest as she is one of the few female poets from ancient Greece whose work survives.

Life

A painting of two women sitting, facing a man who holds a statuette of a winged boy

According to ancient tradition, Corinna was a pupil of Myrtis of Anthedon, with whom she sits in this painting by Ernst Stückelberg.

Corinna was from Tanagra Шаблон:Efn in Boeotia.Шаблон:Sfn The Suda, a tenth-century encyclopedia, records that she was the daughter of Acheloodorus and Procratia, and was nicknamed Myia (Μυῖα, "the fly").^[1] According to ancient tradition, she lived during the fifth century BC.Шаблон:Sfn She was supposed to have been a contemporary of Pindar, either having taught him, or been a fellow-pupil of Myrtis of Anthedon with him.Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Sfn Corinna was said to have competed with Pindar, defeating him in at least one poetry competition, though some sources claim five.Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Since the early twentieth century, scholars have been divided over the accuracy of the traditional chronology of Corinna's life.Шаблон:Sfn One of the first scholars to question this was Edgar Lobel,Шаблон:Sfn who in 1930 concluded that there is no reason to believe she predated the orthography used on the Berlin papyrus, on which fragments of two of her poems are preserved.Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Sfn The debate over Corinna's date has dominated scholarship since,Шаблон:Sfn and the evidence remains inconclusive.Шаблон:Sfn Sceptics of the traditional chronology argue that there is no ancient mention of Corinna before the first century BC, and that the orthography of her surviving poetry was not established until after the mid-fourth century.Шаблон:Sfn This is the most common view,Шаблон:Sfn with Martin Litchfield West Шаблон:Sfn and David A. Campbell Шаблон:Sfn among those who believe a late date for Corinna. Campbell concludes that a third-century date is "almost certain".Шаблон:Sfn

The alternative view, accepting the traditional fifth-century date, is set forth by scholars such as Archibald Allen and Jiří Frel.Шаблон:Sfn If the traditional date is correct, the lack of ancient reference to Corinna before the first century, and the later orthography, could both be explained by her being of only local interest before the Hellenistic period. According to this theory, when she was rediscovered and popularised in the Hellenistic period her poetry would have been re-spelled into contemporary Boeotian orthography, as her original fifth-century orthography was too unfamiliar to a third-century audience.Шаблон:Sfn An apparent terminus ante quem is established by the second-century AD theologian Tatian, who says in his Address to the Greeks that the fourth-century sculptor Silanion made a portrait-statue of Corinna.Шаблон:Sfn A Roman-era copy of a fourth-century statue in the Musée Vivenel in Compiègne, France, is identified by an inscription on the base as depicting Corinna, and is widely accepted by archeologists as a copy of Silanion's sculpture.Шаблон:Sfn Philologists continue to regard this attribution with what Thea S. Thorsen describes as "unwarranted scepticism".Шаблон:Sfn West, for instance, accepts that the Compiègne statuette is a copy of a fourth-century work, but suggests that it was not originally intended to depict Corinna, only gaining that association in the Roman period.Шаблон:Sfn Thorsen argues that the sculpture was always intended as an image of Corinna, noting that the figure is shown with five scrolls that match the five books of poetry attributed to Corinna in antiquity.Шаблон:Sfn

Poetry

A statue of a seated woman, nude from the waist up, with a lyre at her feet

Corinna: The Lyric Muse, Шаблон:Circa, by William Brodie

Corinna, like Pindar, wrote choral lyric poetry Шаблон:Sndas demonstrated by her invocation of Terpsichore, the Muse of dance and chorus, in one of her fragments.Шаблон:Sfn According to the Suda, she wrote five books of poetry.Шаблон:Sfn Her works were collected in a Boeotian edition in the late third or early second century BC, and later Hellenistic and Roman texts of Corinna derived from this.Шаблон:Sfn This Boeotian edition was produced in a scholarly format, with titles for the poems; it may have also included accent marks and hypotheses, but is unlikely to have included line numbers.Шаблон:Sfn

Corinna wrote in a literary dialect, which had features of her Boeotian vernacular,Шаблон:Sfn along with similarities to the language of epic both in morphology and in her choice of words;Шаблон:Sfn Daniel Berman describes it as "epic written as Boeotian".Шаблон:Sfn If Corinna was a contemporary of Pindar, this use of the local vernacular as a literary language is archaicШаблон:Sndthough the earlier poets Alcman and Stesichorus wrote in literary dialects based on their own vernaculars, the fifth-century choral poets Pindar and Bacchylides both wrote in Doric despite it not being their local dialect. On the other hand, if she is to be located closer to the Hellenistic period, parallels can be found in the poetry of Theocritus, who also used features of his native dialect in the Idylls.Шаблон:Sfn

Poems

About forty fragments of Corinna's poetry survive,Шаблон:Efn more than any ancient woman poet except for Sappho,Шаблон:Sfn though no complete poems of hers are known.Шаблон:Sfn The three most substantial fragments are preserved on pieces of papyrus discovered in Hermopolis and Oxyrhynchus in Egypt, dating to the second century AD; many of the shorter fragments survive in citations by grammarians interested in Corinna's Boeotian dialect.Шаблон:Sfn

Two fragments of Corinna's poetry are preserved on the same papyrus (P.Berol. 13284), now in the collection of the Berlin State Museums. The first of these tells the story of a singing contest between the mountains Cithaeron and Helicon. The surviving portion includes the ending of one of the mountain's songs,Шаблон:Efn the gods voting on the winner of the contest, and the losing mountain, Helicon, throwing down a boulder in anger.Шаблон:Sfn The second poem preserved on this papyrus tells of the daughters of the river-god Asopus. It mostly consists of a prophet, Acraephen, telling Asopus how his daughters were abducted by the gods, and that they will go on to give birth to many heroes; the papyrus ends with a highly fragmentary portion in which Asopus appears to be reconciled to his daughters' fate, and he responds "happily".Шаблон:Sfn The third substantial fragment of Corinna's poetry, preserved on a papyrus in the Sackler Library of the University of Oxford (P.Oxy. 2370), invokes the muse of dance and choral poetry, Terpsichore. It is usually thought to be from a partheneion, a kind of poem performed by a chorus of young women for a public occasion.Шаблон:Sfn West suggests that it was written as an introductory poem for Corinna's collection.Шаблон:Sfn

Style

Very damaged fragment of papyrus, with Greek text written on it

Part of P.Berol. 13284, on which Corinna's poems on the "Contest of Helicon and Cithaeron" and the "Daughters of Asopus" are preserved

Corinna's language is clear, simple, and generally undecorated,Шаблон:Sfn and she tends to use simple metrical schemes.Шаблон:Sfn Her poetry focuses more on the narrative than on intricate use of language.Шаблон:Sfn Her use of lyric poetry to tell mythic narratives is similar to that of Stesichorus.Шаблон:Sfn Corinna's poetry is often ironic or humorous in tone, in contrast with the serious tone of her Boeotian compatriot Pindar.Шаблон:Sfn

Corinna's poetry is almost entirely concerned with myth.Шаблон:Sfn According to a story recounted by Plutarch in On the Glory of the Athenians, she considered myth the proper subject for poetry, rebuking Pindar for not paying sufficient attention to it.Шаблон:Sfn Pindar was said to have responded to this criticism by filling his next ode with mythical allusions, leading Corinna to advise him, "Sow with the hand, not with the sack."Шаблон:Sfn Corinna's poetry concentrates on local legends,Шаблон:Sfn with poems about Orion, Oedipus, and the Seven against Thebes.Шаблон:Sfn Her "Orestes"Шаблон:Efn is possibly an exception to her focus on Boeotian legends.Шаблон:Sfn Her poetry often reworks mythological traditionШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sndaccording to Derek Collins, "the most distinctive feature of Corinna's poetry is her mythological innovation"Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sndfrequently including details which are otherwise unknown.Шаблон:Sfn These reworkings often present gods and heroes in a more positive light than in more common versions of the myths.Шаблон:Sfn

Two of Corinna's most substantial fragments, the "Daughters of Asopus" and "Terpsichore" poems, demonstrate a strong interest in genealogy.Шаблон:Sfn This genealogical focus is reminiscent of the works of Hesiod, especially the Catalogue of Women, though other lost genealogical poetry is known from the archaic periodШаблон:Sndfor instance by Asius of Samos and Eumelus of Corinth.Шаблон:Sfn The third major surviving fragment of Corinna's poetry, on the contest between Mount Cithaeron and Mount Helicon, seems also to have been influenced by Hesiod, who also wrote an account of this myth.Шаблон:Sfn

Marilyn B. Skinner argues that Corinna's poetry is part of the tradition of "women's poetry" in ancient Greece, though it differs significantly from Sappho's conception of that genre.Шаблон:Sfn She considers that although it was written by a woman, Corinna's poetry tells stories from a patriarchal point of view,Шаблон:Sfn describing women's lives from a masculine perspective.Шаблон:Sfn Anne Klinck suggests that "a certain feminine irony is detectable" in Corinna's works,Шаблон:Sfn and John Heath argues that in the "Terpsichore" poem Corinna deliberately emphasises her position as a woman poet.Шаблон:Sfn Diane Rayor argues that although Corinna's poetry does not directly challenge patriarchal traditions, it is still "woman-identified", focusing on women's experiences and being written for a female audience.Шаблон:Sfn

Performance context

The circumstances in which Corinna's poetry was performed are uncertain, and have been the subject of much scholarly debate. At least some of her poetry was probably performed for a mixed-gender audience, though some may have been intended for a specifically female audience.Шаблон:Sfn Skinner suggests that Corinna's songs were composed for performance by a chorus of young girls in religious festivals, and were related to the ancient genre of partheneia.Шаблон:Sfn The poems may have been performed at cult celebrations in the places which appear in her poetry. Possible settings include the Mouseia at Thespia, proposed by West, and at the festival of the Daedala at Plataea, suggested by Gabriele Burzacchini.Шаблон:Sfn

Reception

Full-length statue of a woman, shown from front and behind

Ancient marble sculpture of Corinna, possibly a copy of Silanion's bronze mentioned by Tatian

Corinna was well-regarded by the people of ancient Tanagra, her hometown. Pausanias reports that there was a monument to her in the streets of the townШаблон:Sndprobably a statueШаблон:Sndand a painting of her in the gymnasium.Шаблон:Sfn Tatian writes in his Address to the Greeks that Silanion had sculpted her.Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Sfn In the early Roman Empire, Corinna's poetry was popular.Шаблон:Sfn The earliest mention of Corinna is by the first-century BC poet Antipater of Thessalonica, who includes her in his selection of nine "mortal muses".Шаблон:Sfn Ovid gives his lover the pseudonym Corinna in his Amores, often believed to be a reference to the Tanagran poet.Шаблон:Sfn She is also named by Propertius as a model for Cynthia, and by Statius along with Callimachus, Lycophron, and Sophron.Шаблон:Sfn Alexander Polyhistor wrote a commentary on her work.Шаблон:Sfn

From the early modern period, the example of ancient Greek women writers has been used to legitimise the writing of modern women; Corinna has been invoked in this way by Gaspara Stampa and Madeleine de Scudéry.Шаблон:Sfn In the nineteenth century, Corinna was still remembered as a poetic authority, Karl Otfried Müller presenting her as a preeminent ancient poet and citing the stories of her competition against Pindar.Шаблон:Sfn Modern critics have tended to dismiss Corinna's work, considering it dull.Шаблон:Sfn For instance, West describes Corinna as more gifted than most local poets, but lacking the originality that would put her on the same level as Bacchylides or Pindar.Шаблон:Sfn Athanassios Vergados argues that Corinna's poor reception among modern critics is due to her focus on local Boeotian traditions rather than broader subject matter, giving her a reputation of parochialism and thus limited quality.Шаблон:Sfn More recently, critics have begun to see Corinna's poetry as engaging with Panhellenic mythical and literary traditions, rewriting them to give Boeotian characters a more prominent role.Шаблон:Sfn Corinna's work has also been of interest to feminist literary historians as one of the few extant examples of ancient Greek women's poetry.Шаблон:Sfn

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Works cited

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Commonscat

Шаблон:Authority control

↑ Suda κ 2087, "Corinna"

[Suda-1] Suda κ 2087, "Corinna"

[1]

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Английская Википедия:Corinna

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