Английская Википедия:Coronations in Poland
Coronations in Poland officially began in 1025 and continued until 1764, when the final king of an independent Poland, Stanisław August Poniatowski, was crowned at St. John's Cathedral in Warsaw. Most Polish coronations took place at the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków, but crownings also occurred in Poznań and at Gniezno Cathedral. Whenever practical, Polish coronations were conducted as close as possible as to the date of the previous sovereign's funeral. This was explained by Joachim Bielski in the sixteenth century as osoba umiera, korona nie umiera, or "the person dies, the crown dies not".[1] With the emergence of an independent, republican Poland after World War I, coronations in the Polish state have been rendered obsolete.
Though many of the Polish Crown Jewels were stolen and destroyed by King Frederick William III of Prussia in March 1809 after the Third Partition of Poland, remaining pieces are exhibited at the Wawel Royal Castle National Art Collection and National Museum in Warsaw.[2][3]
The ceremony
During the period when coronations were held in Kraków, the following order was observed: on the eve of his coronation, the new monarch fasted, gave alms, and partook of the Catholic sacrament of confession. He then walked on foot from the royal Wawel Castle to the Basilica of St. Stanisław, patron saint of Poland. Unlike the remainder of the service, the royal procession was opened to the Polish masses. On the morning of the ceremony, the king was met in his bedchamber by a procession consisting of the local Metropolitan Archbishop and other notables. Wearing Episcopal clothing, the monarch was blessed with holy water and incensed. Following this, king, metropolitan and the others made their way in procession to the cathedral.[4]
Inside the church, the Polish regalia were laid on the high altar, while the king was seated on a low chair nearby. The royal oath was administered, and the new monarch then knelt before the altar. Two mitred abbots next entered from a side chapel, carrying a mixture of holy oils, with which the ruler was then anointed. Following this, the king was handed a sword, which he used to trace a cross in the air. Next he was crowned by the Archbishop, assisted by two other bishops, following which he received his orb and scepter. The high mass continued, with the newly crowned sovereign receiving Holy Communion, then kissing a crucifix and mounting his throne. Following this, the king created several new knights, then attended a coronation feast and rode into the public square on horseback, where he received the homage of his subjects while seated in a large chair.[4]
List of Polish coronations
* | King or queen Polish name |
Date | Site | Presiding cleric | Crown used |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
K | Boleslaus I the Brave Bolesław I Chrobry |
Шаблон:Dts | Gniezno Cathedral | Emperor Otto III of the Holy Roman Empire | Emperor Otto III's personal diadem |
K | Boleslaus I the Brave Bolesław I Chrobry |
Шаблон:Dts | Gniezno Cathedral | Hipolit, Archbishop of Gniezno | Original Boleslaus the Brave's Crown |
K | Mieszko II Lambert | Шаблон:Dts | Gniezno Cathedral | Hipolit, Archbishop of Gniezno | Original Boleslaus the Brave's Crown |
Q | Richeza of Lotharingia Rycheza Lotaryńska |
Шаблон:Dts | Gniezno Cathedral | Hipolit, Archbishop of Gniezno | Richeza's Crown |
K | Boleslaus II the Bold Bolesław II Śmiały |
Шаблон:Dts | Gniezno Cathedral | Bogumił, Archbishop of Gniezno | Boleslaus the Bold's Crown |
K | Premislaus Przemysł |
Шаблон:Dts | Gniezno Cathedral | Jakub Świnka, Archbishop of Gniezno | Boleslaus the Bold's Crown |
Q | Margaret of Brandenburg Małgorzata Brandenburska |
Шаблон:Dts | Gniezno Cathedral | Jakub Świnka, Archbishop of Gniezno | Margaret of Brandenburg's Crown |
K | Wenceslaus Wacław Czeski |
Шаблон:Dts | Gniezno Cathedral | Jakub Świnka, Archbishop of Gniezno | Boleslaus the Bold's Crown |
Q | Elisabeth Richeza of Poland Ryksa Elżbieta |
Шаблон:Dts | Prague Cathedral | Henryk of Wierzbno, Bishop of Wrocław | Margaret of Brandenburg's Crown |
K | Ladislaus I the Short Władysław I Łokietek |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Janisław, Archbishop of Gniezno | So-called Boleslaus the Brave's Crown |
Q | Hedwig of Kalisz Jadwiga Kaliska |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Janisław, Archbishop of Gniezno | Hedwig of Kalisz's Crown |
K | Casimir III the Great Kazimierz III Wielki |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Janisław, Archbishop of Gniezno | So-called Boleslaus the Brave's Crown |
Q | Aldona of Lithuania | Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Janisław, Archbishop of Gniezno | Hedwig of Kalisz's Crown |
Q | Adelaide of Hesse Adelajda Heska |
Шаблон:Dts | Poznań Cathedral | Janisław, Archbishop of Gniezno | Hedwig of Kalisz's Crown |
K | Louis the Great Ludwik Węgierski |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Jarosław of Bogoria, Archbishop of Gniezno | So-called Boleslaus the Brave's Crown |
K | Hedwig Jadwiga Andegaweńska |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Bodzanta, Archbishop of Gniezno | Hedwig of Angevin's Crown |
K | Ladislaus II Władysław II Jagiełło |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Bodzanta, Archbishop of Gniezno | Ladislaus II's Crown |
Q | Anna of Celje Anna Cylejska |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Mikołaj Kurowski, Archbishop of Gniezno | Anna of Celje's Crown |
Q | Elizabeth Granowska Elżbieta Granowska |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Jan Rzeszowski, Archbishop of Lviv | Hedwig of Kalisz's Crown |
Q | Sophia of Halshany Zofia Holszańska |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Wojciech Jastrzębiec, Archbishop of Gniezno | Hedwig of Kalisz's Crown |
K | Ladislaus III Władysław III |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Wojciech Jastrzębiec, Archbishop of Gniezno | So-called Boleslaus the Brave's Crown |
K | Casimir IV Kazimierz IV |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Wincenty Kot, Archbishop of Gniezno | So-called Boleslaus the Brave's Crown |
Q | Elizabeth of Austria Elżbieta Rakuszanka |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Jan Sprowski, Archbishop of Gniezno | Hedwig of Kalisz's Crown |
K | John I Albert Jan I Olbracht |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Zbigniew Oleśnicki, Archbishop of Gniezno | So-called Boleslaus the Brave's Crown |
K | Alexander Aleksander |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Fryderyk Jagiellończyk, Archbishop of Gniezno | So-called Boleslaus the Brave's Crown |
K | Sigismund I Zygmunt I |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Andrzej Boryszewski, Archbishop of Gniezno | So-called Boleslaus the Brave's Crown |
Q | Barbara Zápolya | Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Jan Łaski, Archbishop of Gniezno | Hedwig of Kalisz's Crown |
Q | Bona Sforza | Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Jan Łaski, Archbishop of Gniezno | Hedwig of Kalisz's Crown |
K | Sigismund II Augustus Zygmunt II August |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Jan Łaski, Archbishop of Gniezno | So-called Boleslaus the Brave's Crown |
Q | Elizabeth of Austria Elżbieta Habsubrżanka |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Piotr Gamrat, Archbishop of Gniezno | Hedwig of Kalisz's Crown |
Q | Barbara Radziwiłłówna | Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Mikołaj Dzierzgowski, Archbishop of Gniezno | Hedwig of Kalisz's Crown |
Q | Catherine of Austria Katarzyna Habsburżanka |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Mikołaj Dzierzgowski, Archbishop of Gniezno | Hedwig of Kalisz's Crown |
K | Henry Henryk Walezy |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Jakub Uchański, Archbishop of Gniezno | So-called Boleslaus the Brave's Crown |
K | Anna Anna Jagiellonka |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Stanisław Karnkowski, Bishop of Kuyavia | Anna Jagiellonka's Crown |
K | Stephen Stefan Batory |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Stanisław Karnkowski, Bishop of Kuyavia | So-called Hungarian Crown |
K | Sigismund III Zygmunt III Waza |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Stanisław Karnkowski, Archbishop of Gniezno | So-called Boleslaus the Brave's Crown |
Q | Anna of Austria Anna Austriaczka |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Stanisław Karnkowski, Archbishop of Gniezno | Hedwig of Kalisz's Crown |
Q | Constance of Austria Konstancja Austriaczka |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Piotr Tylicki, Bishop of Kuyavia | Hedwig of Kalisz's Crown |
K | Ladislaus IV Władysław IV |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Jan Wężyk, Archbishop of Gniezno | So-called Boleslaus the Brave's Crown |
Q | Cecilia Renata Cecylia Renata |
Шаблон:Dts | St. John's Church in Warsaw | Jan Wężyk, Archbishop of Gniezno | Hedwig of Kalisz's Crown |
Q | Marie Louise Gonzaga Ludwika Maria Gonzaga |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Maciej Łubieński, Archbishop of Gniezno | Hedwig of Kalisz's Crown |
K | John II Casimir Jan II Kazimierz |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Maciej Łubieński, Archbishop of Gniezno | So-called Boleslaus the Brave's Crown |
K | Michael Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Mikołaj Prażmowski, Archbishop of Gniezno | So-called Boleslaus the Brave's Crown |
Q | Eleonora Maria Josefa Eleonora Habsburżanka |
Шаблон:Dts | St. John's Church in Warsaw | Mikołaj Prażmowski, Archbishop of Gniezno | Hedwig of Kalisz's Crown |
K | John III Jan III Sobieski |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Andrzej Olszowski, Archbishop of Gniezno | So-called Boleslaus the Brave's Crown |
Q | Marie Casimire d'Arquien Maria Kazimiera |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Andrzej Olszowski, Archbishop of Gniezno | Hedwig of Kalisz's Crown |
K | Augustus II the Strong August II Mocny |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Stanisław Dąbski, Bishop of Kuyavia | So-called Boleslaus the Brave's Crown |
K | Stanislaus I Stanisław Leszczyński |
Шаблон:Dts | St. John's Church in Warsaw | Konstanty Zieliński, Archbishop of Lviv | Stanislaus I's Crown |
Q | Katarzyna Opalińska | Шаблон:Dts | St. John's Church in Warsaw | Konstanty Zieliński, Archbishop of Lviv | Katarzyna Opalińska's Crown |
K | Augustus III August III Sas |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Jan Aleksander Lipski, Bishop of Kraków | Augustus III's Crown |
Q | Maria Josepha of Austria Maria Józefa Austriaczka |
Шаблон:Dts | Kraków Cathedral | Jan Aleksander Lipski, Bishop of Kraków | Maria Josepha's Crown |
K | Stanislaus II Augustus Stanisław August Poniatowski |
Шаблон:Dts | St. John's Church in Warsaw | Władysław Łubieński, Archbishop of Gniezno | So-called Boleslaus the Brave's Crown |
K | Nicholas I Mikołaj I Romanow |
Шаблон:Dts | Royal Castle in Warsaw | The king crowned himself, assisted by Jan Paweł Woronicz, Archbishop of Warsaw | Empress Anna Ivanovna's Crown |
* "K" indicates a king or queen regnant; "Q" indicates a queen consort.
Pretenders and royal consorts not crowned
- Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, assassinated before crowning
- Wiola of Cieszyn, wife of Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, daughter of Mieszko of Cieszyn, Duke of Cieszyn
- Jadwiga of Żagań, wife of Casimir III of Poland, daughter of Henryk Żelazny, Duke of Żagań
- Elizabeth of Bosnia, wife of Louis the Great, daughter of Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia
- Helena of Moscow, wife of Alexander Jagiellon, daughter of Ivan III, Grand Duke of Moscow, not crowned because of her Orthodox faith
- Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, wife of August II the Strong, daughter of Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, not crowned because of her Protestant faith
Further reading
- Шаблон:In lang Michał Rożek, Polskie koronacje i korony, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Kraków 1987
References
External links
- Шаблон:In lang Koronacje królów i królowych polskich Шаблон:Webarchive
- Шаблон:In lang Zarys historii regaliów Królestwa Polskiego
See also
- List of Polish monarchs
- Henrician Articles
- Polish Crown Jewels
- Royal Road, Kraków
- St. Florian's Church
- Vivente Rege
- ↑ M. Bielski, Kronika polska, 1st ed. (1597, reprinted Sanok, 1856), 3:1207.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite book
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