Английская Википедия:Cosmic Consciousness

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Original research Шаблон:Infobox book Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind is a 1901 book by the psychiatrist Richard Maurice Bucke, in which the author explores the concept of cosmic consciousness, which he defines as "a higher form of consciousness than that possessed by the ordinary man".Шаблон:Cite quote

Forms of consciousness

In Cosmic Consciousness, Bucke stated that he discerned three forms, or degrees, of consciousness:Шаблон:Sfn

  • Simple consciousness, possessed by both animals and mankind
  • Self-consciousness, possessed by mankind, encompassing thought, reason, and imagination
  • Cosmic consciousness, which is "a higher form of consciousness than that possessed by the ordinary man"Шаблон:Sfn

According to Bucke,

Шаблон:Quotation

Moores said that Bucke's cosmic consciousness is an interconnected way of seeing things "which is more of an intuitive knowing than it is a factual understanding".Шаблон:Sfn Moores pointed out that, for scholars of the purist camp, the experience of cosmic consciousness is incomplete without the element of love, "which is the foundation of mystical consciousness".Шаблон:Sfn

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Juan A. Herrero Brasas said that Bucke's cosmic consciousness refers to the evolution of the intellect, and not to "the ineffable revelation of hidden truths".Шаблон:Sfn According to Brasas, it was William James who equated Bucke's cosmic consciousness with mystical experience or mystical consciousness.Шаблон:Sfn Gary Lachman notes that today Bucke's experience would most likely be explained by the "God spot", or more generally as a case of temporal lobe epilepsy, but he is skeptical of these and other organic explanations.Шаблон:Sfn

He regarded Walt Whitman as "the climax of religious evolution and the harbinger of humanity's future".Шаблон:Sfn

Similar concepts

William James

According to Michael Robertson, Cosmic Consciousness and William James's 1902 book The Varieties of Religious Experience have much in common:Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Quotation

James popularized the concept of religious experience,Шаблон:Refn which he explored in The Varieties of Religious Experience.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He saw mysticism as a distinctive experience which supplies knowledge of the transcendental.Шаблон:Sfn He considered the "personal religion"Шаблон:Sfn to be "more fundamental than either theology or ecclesiasticism",Шаблон:Sfn and states:

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Regarding cosmic consciousness, William James, in his essay "The Confidences of a 'Psychical Researcher'", wrote: Шаблон:Quotation

Collective consciousness

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James understood "cosmic consciousness" to be a collective consciousness, a "larger reservoir of consciousness",Шаблон:Sfn which manifests itself in the minds of men and remains intact after the dissolution of the individual. It may "retain traces of the life history of its individual emanation".Шаблон:Sfn

Friedrich Schleiermacher

A classification similar to that proposed by Bucke was used by the influential theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834), viz.:Шаблон:Sfn

  • Animal, brutish self-awareness
  • Sensual consciousness
  • Higher self-consciousness

In Schleiermacher's theology, higher consciousness "is the part of the human being that is capable of transcending animal instincts".Шаблон:Sfn It is the "point of contact with God" and the essence of being human.Шаблон:Sfn

When higher consciousness is present, people are not alienated from God by their instincts.Шаблон:Sfn The relation between higher and lower consciousness is akin to St. Paul's "struggle of the spirit to overcome the flesh".Шаблон:Sfn Higher consciousness establishes a distinction between the natural and the spiritual sides of human beings.Шаблон:Sfn

The concept of religious experience was used by Schleiermacher and by Albert Ritschl to defend religion against scientific and secular criticism and to defend the belief that moral and religious experiences justify religious beliefs.Шаблон:Sfn

Other writers

Cosmic consciousness bears similarity to Hegel's Geist:Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Quotation

In 1913, Alexander J. McIvor-Tyndall authored Cosmic Consciousness: The Man-God Whom We Await.Шаблон:Sfn

According to Paul Marshall, a philosopher of religion, cosmic consciousness bears resemblances to some traditional pantheist beliefs.Шаблон:Sfn

According to Ervin László, cosmic consciousness corresponds to Jean Gebser's integral consciousness and to Don Edward Beck and Christopher Cowan's turquoise state of cosmic spirituality.Шаблон:Sfn

Ken Wilber, integral philosopher and mystic, identifies four state/stages of cosmic consciousness (mystical experience) above both Gebser's integral level and Beck and Cowan's turquoise level.Шаблон:Sfn

Publication data

See also

References

Notes

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Citations

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Works cited

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Further reading

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External links

Шаблон:Consciousness Шаблон:Philosophy of religion Шаблон:Religion topics Шаблон:Spirituality-related topics

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