Английская Википедия:Costa Rican Spanish

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Costa Rican Spanish is the form of the Spanish language spoken in Costa Rica. It is one of the dialects of Central American Spanish. Nevertheless, because the country was more remote than its neighbors, the development of this variety of Spanish followed a distinct path.

Today, despite the relatively small size of the country, each province maintains unique characteristics in pronunciation and lexcion. For instance, the Guanacase province's variety bears similarity to that of Nicaragua, while the tú form can be found more toward the border with Panama.

Phonetics and Phonology

The distinguishing characteristics of Costa Rican phonetics include the following:

• Assibilation of the "double-R" phoneme in some speakers (spelled Шаблон:Grapheme word-initially and Шаблон:Grapheme intervocalically), especially in rural areas, resulting in a voiced alveolar sibilant (Шаблон:IPA)—thus Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ("clothing"), carro Шаблон:IPA ("car"). Assibilation also affects the sequence Шаблон:IPA, giving it a sound that is similar to Шаблон:IPA.
• The double-R phoneme and the single-R phoneme after a t, can also be realized as voiced alveolar approximant [ɹ] by the majority of speakers, with a sound similar to the Шаблон:IPA of American English. Thus ropa Шаблон:IPA ("clothing"), carro Шаблон:IPA ("car") and cuatro Шаблон:IPA ("four"). Except before a consonant (this does not apply to all speakers) in which case is pronounced as a voiced alveolar trill [r] . Thus puerta Шаблон:IPA ("door"), guardar Шаблон:IPA ("to save"). Шаблон:Citation needed

Note: This does not apply to the single-R phoneme which is typically pronounced as an alveolar tap [ɾ] as in most varieties of Spanish.

• Velarization of word-final Шаблон:IPA (before a pause or a vowel), i.e. pronunciation as the velar nasal Шаблон:IPA.
• Шаблон:IPA can be lost in contact with the front vowels Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.
• The Costa Rican dialect adopted the voiceless alveolar affricate Шаблон:IPA and the cluster Шаблон:IPA (originally Шаблон:IPA) represented by the respective digraphs Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr in loanwords of Nahuatl origin, for example quetzal and tlapalería Шаблон:IPA ('hardware store'). Even words of Greek and Latin origin with Шаблон:Angbr, such as Шаблон:Wiktes and Шаблон:Wiktes, are pronounced with Шаблон:IPA: Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA (compare Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA in Spain and other dialects in Hispanic America).
• Syllable-final Шаблон:IPA is only infrequently aspirated, or pronounced as an Шаблон:IPA, among middle-class speakers in central Costa Rica. It may be aspirated most often at the end of a word and before another word which begins in a vowel, but Шаблон:IPA still occurs most of the time. Costa Rica's border regions with Nicaragua and Panama show higher rates of Шаблон:IPA-reduction.
• The phoneme represented by Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:IPA, is typically just a weak aspiration, like Шаблон:IPA. In words like Шаблон:Lang 'work' it can barely be heard.

Second person singular pronouns

Usted

Usted is the predominant second person singular pronoun in Costa Rican Spanish. Young men have been leading a trend in addressing close friends and peers with Шаблон:Lang, which is not typical of other Spanish dialects. Some speakers use only usted in addressing others, never vos or Шаблон:Lang. Others use both usted and vos, according to the situation.

Vos

Vos is a second person singular pronoun used by many speakers in certain relationships of familiarity or informal contexts. Voseo is widely used between friends, family, people of the same age, etc. It is also commonly used in the university context between students. Some adults use vos to address children or juveniles, but other adults address everyone regardless of age or status with usted. Costa Ricans tend to use usted with foreigners. Шаблон:Lang has become less popular in adults below the age of thirty, as of 2016.

Tú

Tú is occasionally used in Costa Rican Spanish. However, due in part to the influence of Mexican television programming, Costa Ricans are familiar with tuteo, and some television viewers, especially children, have begun to use it in limited contexts. It used to be much rarer, and is often considered not really "Costa Rican." As of 2016, young adults use Шаблон:Lang as infrequently as do older adults.

Tiquismos

Costa Ricans are colloquially called "ticos" (based on the frequent use of the diminutive ending -ico following a /t/, as in momentico), and thus colloquial expressions characteristic of Costa Rica are called tiquismos. Tiquismos and pachuquismos are used frequently in Costa Rica. The latter are expressions of popular street Spanish which can be considered vulgar and offensive if used in the wrong context. Many of these words, even when found in a standard Spanish dictionary, do not have the same meaning there as in Costa Rica. Learning colloquial expressions can be a guide to understanding the humor and character of the Costa Rican culture.

Here are some examples of Costa Rican slang.

• Mae, ese chante es muy tuanis: "Dude, that house is pretty cool".
• Esta panta no me cuadra porque me chima las piernas: "I don’t like these shorts because they chafe my legs".
• ¡Qué taco me dio esa vara!: "That thing really scared me!"

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Citation
• Шаблон:Citation
• Шаблон:Citation
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book

External links

• Jergas de habla hispana (Spanish dictionary specializing in slang and colloquial expressions, featuring all Spanish-speaking countries, including Costa Rica).

See also

• Latin American Spanish