Английская Википедия:Coup Belt

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox settlement The Coup Belt (Шаблон:Lang-fr) is a modern geopolitical concept and neologism which emerged during the 2020s to describe the region of West Africa, Central Africa and the Sahel home to countries with a high prevalence of coups d'état. After the 2023 Nigerien coup, these countries formed a continuous chain stretching between the east and west coasts of Africa.

Overview

Файл:Coup-detats-in-Africa-Aug2023.png

The number of successful coups d'état in postcolonial Africa (As of 28 September 2023).

Файл:Belt Coup.png

Human Development Index (HDI) of African countries, with the Coup Belt outlined in red (Gabon is sometimes included following the 2023 coup). Every country in the Coup Belt, except Gabon, has an HDI below 0.500, indicating low human development.

Origin

Although likely older, the term became popular in the 2020s after a string of coups in the early part of the decade, including in Mali in 2020 and 2021, Chad, Guinea, and Sudan in 2021, two in Burkina Faso in January and September 2022, and in Niger and Gabon in 2023. The region also saw attempted coups in Niger and Sudan in 2021, Guinea–Bissau and The Gambia in 2022, and Sudan, Sierra Leone and Burkina Faso in 2023.

History

Since 1990, 21 of the 27 coups in sub-Saharan Africa have taken place in former French colonies. This has led some to question whether French influence in Africa has a destabilising impact.

The military juntas of Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger cancelled military agreements that allowed for French troops to operate on their territory, and in the case of Mali, removed French as an official language.

ECOWAS has tried to actively work on changing this label that is associated with the region, although unsuccessfully; they suspended Mali after their coup in 2021, and also suspended Guinea on 8 September 2021, shortly after a military coup took place in the country.

The coups have largely been similar in nature; most came from dissatisfied militaries who criticised their respective government's handling of Islamic insurgents or protests since 2003. The incoming juntas also tend to have worse relations with the West, with many seeking support from either Russia and the Wagner Group or Turkey instead of France, who helped the countries fight against Islamic insurgents through Operation Barkhane.

The 2023 Gabonese coup d'état was somewhat different, as Gabon was ruled for 56 years by the Bongo family before the coup, is not near or part of the Sahel, and did not suffer from Islamist or separatist insurgencies. However, the military coup occurred in the context of widespread protests over the conduct of the 2023 Gabonese general election, and led to the establishment of a presidential republic under a military junta.

List of coups d'état in the Coup Belt

Date	Country	Event	Head of state or government	Coup leader(s)	Outcome
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flagdeco Sudan	1957 Sudanese coup attempt	Abdallah Khalil	Abdel Rahman Ismail Kabeida	Шаблон:No
Шаблон:Dts		1959 Sudanese coup attempt	Ibrahim Abboud		Шаблон:No
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	1963 Togolese coup d'état	Sylvanus Olympio	Шаблон:Unbulleted list	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	1963 Dahomeyan coup d'état	Hubert Maga	Christophe Soglo	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	1964 Gabonese coup d'état	Léon M'ba	Шаблон:Unbulleted list	Шаблон:Partial
31 December 1965 – 1 January 1966	Шаблон:Flag	Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état	David Dacko	Jean-Bédel Bokassa	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état	Maurice Yaméogo	Sangoulé Lamizana	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	1966 Nigerian coup d'état	Nnamdi Azikiwe	Шаблон:Unbulleted list	Шаблон:No
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	1966 Ghanaian coup d'état	Kwame Nkrumah	Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	1966 Nigerian counter-coup	Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi	Murtala Muhammed	Шаблон:Yes
13 January 1967	Шаблон:Flag	1967 Togolese coup d'état	Nicolas Grunitzky	Étienne Eyadéma	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	First 1967 Sierra Leone coup d'état	Siaka Stevens	David Lansana	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts		Second 1967 Sierra Leone coup d'état	David Lansana	Andrew Juxon-Smith	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	1968 Malian coup d'état	Modibo Keïta	Moussa Traoré	Шаблон:Yes
25 May 1969	Шаблон:Flagdeco Sudan	1969 Sudanese coup d'état	Ismail al-Azhari	Jaafar Nimeiry	Шаблон:Yes
19–22 July 1971	Шаблон:Flag	1971 Sudanese coup d'état	Jaafar Nimeiry	Hashem al Atta	Шаблон:Partial
13 January 1972	Шаблон:Flag	1972 Ghanaian coup d'état	Kofi Abrefa Busia	Ignatius Kutu Acheampong	Шаблон:Yes
26 October 1972	Шаблон:Flag	1972 Dahomeyan coup d'état	Presidential Council	Mathieu Kérékou	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	1974 Nigerien coup d'état	Hamani Diori	Seyni Kountché	Шаблон:Yes
13–15 April 1975	Шаблон:Flag	1975 Chadian coup d'état	N’Garta Tombalbaye	Noël Milarew Odingar Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué	Шаблон:Yes
29 July 1975	Шаблон:Flag	1975 Nigerian coup d'état	Yakubu Gowon	Joseph Nanven Garba Murtala Muhammed	Шаблон:Yes
13 February 1976		1976 Nigerian coup attempt	Murtala Muhammed	Buka Suka Dimka	Шаблон:No
2–5 July 1976	Шаблон:Flag	1976 Sudanese coup attempt	Jaafar Nimeiry	Sadiq al-Mahdi Muhammad Nour Saad	Шаблон:No
17 January 1977	Шаблон:Flag	1977 Benin coup attempt	Mathieu Kérékou	Bob Denard	Шаблон:No
10 July 1978	Шаблон:Flag	1978 Mauritanian coup d'état	Moktar Ould Daddah	Mustafa Ould Salek	Шаблон:Yes
6 April 1979		1979 Mauritanian coup d'état	Mustafa Ould Salek	Шаблон:Unbulleted list	Шаблон:Yes
21 September 1979	Шаблон:Flag	Operation Caban	Bokassa I	David Dacko	Шаблон:Yes
12 April 1980	Шаблон:Flag	1980 Liberian coup d'état	William Tolbert	Samuel Doe	Шаблон:Yes
14 November 1980	Шаблон:Flag	1980 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état	Luís Cabral	João Bernardo Vieira	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	1980 Upper Volta coup d'état	Sangoulé Lamizana	Saye Zerbo	Шаблон:Yes
16 March 1981	Шаблон:Flag	1981 Mauritanian coup attempt	Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla	Ahmed Salim Ould Sidi	Шаблон:No
30 July – 4 August 1981	Шаблон:Flag	1981 Gambian coup attempt	Dawda Jawara	Kukoi Sanyang	Шаблон:No
1 September 1981	Шаблон:Flag	1981 Central African Republic coup d'état	David Dacko	André Kolingba	Шаблон:Yes
31 December 1981	Шаблон:Flag	1981 Ghanaian coup d'état	Hilla Limann	Jerry Rawlings	Шаблон:Yes
3 March 1982	Шаблон:Flag	1982 Central African Republic coup d'état attempt	André Kolingba	Ange-Félix Patassé	Шаблон:No
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	1982 Upper Voltan coup d'état	Say Zerbo	Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts		1983 Upper Voltan coup d'état attempt	Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo	Saye Zerbo	Шаблон:No
Шаблон:Dts		1983 Upper Voltan coup d'état		Thomas Sankara	Шаблон:Yes
31 December 1983	Шаблон:Flag	1983 Nigerian coup d'état	Shehu Shagari	Muhammadu Buhari	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	1984 Guinean coup d'état	Louis Lansana Beavogui	Lansana Conté	Шаблон:Yes
April 1984	Шаблон:Flag	1984 Cameroonian coup attempt	Paul Biya		Шаблон:No
12 December 1984	Шаблон:Flag	1984 Mauritanian coup d'état	Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla	Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya	Шаблон:Yes
6 April 1985	Шаблон:Flag	1985 Sudanese coup d'état	Jaafar Nimeiry	Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab	Шаблон:Yes
27 August 1985	Шаблон:Flag	1985 Nigerian coup d'état	Muhammadu Buhari	Ibrahim Babangida	Шаблон:Yes
12 November 1985	Шаблон:Flag	1985 Liberian coup d'état attempt	Samuel Doe	Thomas Quiwonkpa	Шаблон:No
23 September 1986	Шаблон:Flag	1986 Togolese coup attempt	Gnassingbé Eyadéma		Шаблон:No
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	1987 Sierra Leonean coup d'état attempt	Joseph Saidu Momoh	Francis Minah	Шаблон:No
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flagicon Burkina Faso	1987 Burkina Faso coup d'état	Thomas Sankara	Blaise Compaoré	Шаблон:Yes
30 June 1989	Шаблон:Flag	1989 Sudanese coup d'état	Ahmed al-Mirghani	Omar al-Bashir	Шаблон:Yes
18 September 1989	Шаблон:Flagicon Burkina Faso	1989 Burkina Faso coup attempt	Blaise Compaoré	Шаблон:Unbulleted list	Шаблон:No
22 April 1990	Шаблон:Flag	1990 Nigerian coup attempt	Ibrahim Babangida	Gideon Orkar	Шаблон:No
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	1990 Chadian coup d'état	Hissène Habré	Idriss Déby	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	1991 Malian coup d'état	Moussa Traoré	Amadou Toumani Touré	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	1992 Sierra Leonean coup d'état	Joseph Saidu Momoh	Valentine Strasser	Шаблон:Yes
17 November 1993	Шаблон:Flag	1993 Nigerian coup d'état	Ernest Shonekan	Sani Abacha	Шаблон:Yes
22 July 1994	Шаблон:Flag	1994 Gambian coup d'état	Dawda Jawara	Yahya Jammeh	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	1996 Nigerien coup d'état	Mahamane Ousmane	Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts		1999 Nigerien coup d'état	Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara	Daouda Malam Wanké	Шаблон:Yes
24 December 1999	Шаблон:Flag	1999 Ivorian coup d'état	Henri Konan Bédié	Tuo Fozié	Шаблон:Yes
15 March 2003	Шаблон:Flag	2003 Central African Republic coup d'état	Ange-Félix Patassé	François Bozizé	Шаблон:Yes
8–9 June 2003	Шаблон:Flag	2003 Mauritanian coup attempt	Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya	Saleh Ould Hanenna	Шаблон:No
14 September 2003	Шаблон:Flag	2003 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état	Kumba Ialá	Veríssimo Correia Seabra	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	2003 Burkina Faso coup d'état attempt	Blaise Compaoré	Luther Diapagri Oualy	Шаблон:No
16 May 2004	Шаблон:Flag	2004 Chadian coup attempt	Idriss Déby	Bechir Haggar	Шаблон:No
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	2005 Togolese coup d'état	Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba	Шаблон:Unbulleted list	Шаблон:Yes
3 August 2005	Шаблон:Flag	2005 Mauritanian coup d'état	Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya	Шаблон:Unbulleted list	Шаблон:Yes
14 March 2006	Шаблон:Flag	2006 Chadian coup attempt	Idriss Déby	Шаблон:Unbulleted list	Шаблон:No
6 August 2008	Шаблон:Flag	2008 Mauritanian coup d'état	Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi	Шаблон:Unbulleted list	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	2008 Guinean coup d'état	Aboubacar Somparé	Moussa Dadis Camara	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	2010 Nigerien coup d'état	Mamadou Tandja	Salou Djibo	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts		2011 Nigerien coup d'état attempt	Mahamadou Issoufou		Шаблон:No
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	2012 Malian coup d'état	Amadou Toumani Touré	Amadou Sanogo	Шаблон:Yes
23–24 March 2013	Шаблон:Flag	Battle of Bangui (2013)	François Bozizé	Michel Djotodia	Шаблон:Yes
1 May 2013	Шаблон:Flag	2013 Chadian coup attempt	Idriss Déby	Moussa Tao Mahamat	Шаблон:No
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	2014 Burkina Faso uprising	Blaise Compaoré	Шаблон:Unbulleted list	Шаблон:Yes
30 December 2014	Шаблон:Flag	2014 Gambian coup attempt	Yahya Jammeh	Lamin Sanneh	Шаблон:No
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	2015 Burkina Faso coup d'état attempt	Michel Kafando	Gilbert Diendéré	Шаблон:No
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	2019 Gabonese coup attempt	Ali Bongo Ondimba	Kelly Ondo Obiang	Шаблон:No
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	2019 Sudanese coup d'état	Omar al-Bashir	Шаблон:Unbulleted list	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	2020 Malian coup d'état	Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta	Шаблон:Unbulleted list	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	2021 Nigerien coup d'état attempt	Mohamed Bazoum	Sani Saley Gourouza	Шаблон:No
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	Death of Idriss Déby	Vacant	Mahamat Déby	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	2021 Malian coup d'état	Bah Ndaw	Assimi Goïta	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	2021 Guinean coup d'état	Alpha Condé	Mamady Doumbouya	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	2021 Sudan coup d'état	Abdalla Hamdok	Шаблон:Unbulleted list	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état	Roch Marc Christian Kaboré	Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts		September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état	Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba	Ibrahim Traoré	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	War in Sudan (2023)	Abdel Fattah al-Burhan	Hemedti	Шаблон:Partial
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	2023 Nigerien coup d'état	Mohamed Bazoum	Шаблон:Unbulleted list	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	2023 Sierra Leone coup plot	Julius Maada Bio	Mohammed Yetey Turay	Шаблон:No
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	2023 Gabonese coup d'état	Ali Bongo Ondimba	Brice Oligui	Шаблон:Yes
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	2023 Burkina Faso coup attempt	Ibrahim Traoré	Шаблон:Unbulleted list	Шаблон:No
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	2023 Sierra Leone coup attempt	Julius Maada Bio	Dissident military officers, unidentified militants and prisoners	Шаблон:No
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Flag	2023 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état attempt	Umaro Sissoco Embaló	Victor Tchongo	Шаблон:No