Английская Википедия:Crédit Industriel et Commercial
The Crédit Industriel et Commercial (CIC, "Industrial and Commercial Credit Company") is a bank and financial services group in France, founded in 1859. It has been majority owned by Crédit Mutuel, one of the country's top five banking groups, since 1998, and fully owned since 2017.
History
Creation and independent development
The Шаблон:Lang was founded on Шаблон:Date, mainly on the initiative of banker Armand Donon who was supported by the politically influential Duke of Morny, as a competitor to the Pereire brothers's Crédit Mobilier on the model of successful British depository banks such as the London and Westminster Bank.[1]Шаблон:Rp The new bank was initially located in a hotel at 57, rue Taitbout, and in January 1860 purchased a mansion at 66, rue de la Chaussée d'Antin, in whose garden it erected a commercial building (no longer extant) that was completed in November 1861. That facility was accessible from No. 72, rue de la Victoire,Шаблон:R and the CIC would remain known as the "bank of the rue de la Victoire" even that street has no longer been its registered address since 1993.
The CIC soon opened a number of other branches in Paris,Шаблон:R and in the 1860s actively developed its international lending, not least in the newly formed Kingdom of Italy.Шаблон:R In France outside Paris, unlike the Crédit Lyonnais (est. 1863) and Société Générale (est. 1864) which created networks of their own provincial branches, the CIC sponsored a number of affiliated but autonomous regional banks. In the early years, these included the Société Marseillaise de Crédit (SMC) in Marseille (est. 1865); the Шаблон:Lang in Lyon (est. 1865); and the Шаблон:Lang (1866), a build-up of the Шаблон:Lang created in 1848, which in 1871 would become the Crédit du Nord. These initial achievements were fragile, however, not least because the CIC held no equity shares in the allied banks. The Crédit du Nord escaped the CIC’s influence as early as the 1870s,Шаблон:R and so did the SMC in the early 20th century.Шаблон:R
In the late 1860s, the CIC lent to the Suez Canal Company and to the Pereire brothers' Compagnie Générale Transatlantique.Шаблон:R Donon stopped attending board meetings in August 1866 and formally left the board in 1871, as he was committed to the development of another bank, the Société des Dépôts et Comptes Courants, which would eventually be absorbed by the Comptoir national d'escompte de Paris in 1892.Шаблон:R[2]Шаблон:Rp After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, the CIC was increasingly associated with conservative and reactionary political factions.Шаблон:R It was instrumental in the creation in 1875 of the Banque de l'Indochine, in partnership with the Comptoir d'escompte de Paris. In 1881, it founded the National Bank of Haiti, which took the role of Haiti's central bank by concession from that country's government while remaining headquartered in Paris.[3] It also participated in the creation of the Шаблон:Lang (1879), Шаблон:Lang (1881), and Шаблон:Lang (1881).Шаблон:R
In Paris, in its first few decades the CIC's network of branches lagged well behind those of its two main rivals, Crédit Lyonnais and Société Générale.Шаблон:R Outside the capital, the CIC kept its strategy of fostering the creation or build-up of regional banks. It thus sponsored the Шаблон:Lang in Saint-Étienne (est. 1879); the Шаблон:Lang in Bordeaux (est. 1880); and the Шаблон:Lang in Nancy (est. 1881). The bank in Saint-Étienne, however, failed and was liquidated in 1883.Шаблон:R
In November 1889, the bank's head office was relocated to a new building on 66, rue de la Victoire, where it would remain for over a century.Шаблон:R In August 1895, the CIC also opened a branch in London, at 126, Cannon Street.Шаблон:R In 1903, it sponsored the creation of the Шаблон:Lang in Brussels.Шаблон:R In the 1890s and 1900s, it greatly expanded its branch network in the capital region, which in 1913 reached 42 inside Paris and 6 in the surroundings.Шаблон:R
At the start of World War I, the head office was temporarily relocated to Bordeaux, but returned to the capital in November 1914.Шаблон:R Both shortly before and after the war, the CIC further strengthened its network outside of Paris by acquiring a 60% majority stake in the Шаблон:Lang in October 1913, a 11% stake in the Шаблон:Lang in May 1914, and a 22% stake in the Шаблон:Lang in April 1921.Шаблон:R In 1919, the CIC also acquired a 29.5% stake in the Шаблон:Lang in Caen (est. 1913),Шаблон:R and in November 1919 created a majority-owned subsidiary, the Шаблон:Lang, whose head office was relocated to Strasbourg in March 1922. Also in November 1919, it took a 25% stake in the Banque Dupont in Valenciennes (est. 1819),Шаблон:R and in 1920 a 33% stake in the Banque Scalbert in Lille (est. 1838).Шаблон:R The CIC further developed this strategy of stake-building when financial stress hit several regional banks in subsequent years. It took a 33% stake in Шаблон:Lang in June 1924, a 20% stake in Шаблон:Lang (est. 1913) in December 1924,Шаблон:R a 28% stake in Шаблон:Lang in September 1926, a 33% stake in Шаблон:Lang (BRO, est. 1913) in 1927, and a stake in Шаблон:Lang in 1930.Шаблон:R In 1929, the CIC created a central body for its regional banks, the Шаблон:Lang. By then, it was the fifth-largest French bank by assets, behind the Crédit Lyonnais, Société Générale, Comptoir national d'escompte de Paris, and Banque Nationale de Crédit.Шаблон:R The CIC's participation in bank restructurings in the early 1930s strengthened the Шаблон:Lang, which renamed itself Crédit Industriel d'Alsace et de Lorraine (CIAL) in May 1931, and the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:R In June 1931 the CIC also created the Шаблон:Lang, of which it owned 80% of equity,Шаблон:R but sold it in 1937 to the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:R In March 1932, the CIC engineered the merger of its Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang to form the Шаблон:Lang (CIN), which also absorbed the Шаблон:Lang in March 1935.Шаблон:R In August 1936, the CIC sold most of its majority stake in the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:R
In April-May 1941, the CIC took advantage of the Vichy anti-Jewish legislation to acquire control of Banque Transatlantique together with two subsidiaries, Banque de Tunisie and Banque Commerciale du Maroc (the latter merged into Attijariwafa Bank in the early 2000s).Шаблон:R After the Liberation of France, its larger rivals were nationalized, and as a consequence the CIC became France's largest private-sector bank in the postwar period.Шаблон:R In 1957, it merged the Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang to form the Crédit Industriel de l'Ouest (CIO).Шаблон:R In June 1967, it ceded its branches in Algiers and Oran to the Bank of Algeria.Шаблон:R The group's first logo was adopted in 1967.Шаблон:R
Takeover by Suez and nationalization
From 1965 to 1971, the CIC was at the center of a major takeover battle. In reaction to the Suez Company's purchase of a 20% equity stake in the Banque de l'Union parisienne (BUP) in February 1965, CIC chairman Edmond Lebée reached out to Suez's rival the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas (also known as Paribas) to explore a possible merger, whose project leaked in the press on Шаблон:Date. In the sum of 1968, the situation escalated into a takeover battle on the Paris stock exchange, following which neither Paribas nor Suez succeeded in acquiring a majority of the CIC's shares.Шаблон:R Eventually, on Шаблон:Date, the two bidders reached an agreement under which Suez would take control of the CIC, while ceding the BUP to Paribas.Шаблон:R Suez, however, kept a hands-off approach and did not include the CIC in the 1975 merger that created Banque Indosuez.
Meanwhile, like many other European banks, from the late 1960s the CIC accelerated its international development. It opened an office in Frankfurt in 1969, followed by others in Latin America, Beirut, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Sydney, and Milan. In 1974, it opened a branch in New York, its second only after the one in London. By 1977, it had 21 representative offices abroad.Шаблон:R In 1979, the CIC acquired a 25% stake in the Banque Nagelmackers in Belgium.Шаблон:R Its network of regional banks was further strengthened by the respective mergers, of Шаблон:Lang and Banque Varin-Bernier to form Société Nancéienne Varin-Bernier (SNVB) in 1972, and of Banque Scalbert and Banque Dupont in Northern France to form Шаблон:Ill (BSD) in 1977.Шаблон:R
In 1982, the CIC was nationalized under François Mitterrand's Socialist presidency, together with most of the affiliated regional banks and with its parent, the Suez Company. This triggered significant restructuring. In July 1983, the CIC acquired the Шаблон:Ill (BUE), an investment bank. The BUE had been born in 1968 from a restructuring of the Шаблон:Lang (UEIF), created in 1920 by Eugène Schneider II together with the Banque de l'Union Parisienne and the Empain group in relation with their business interests in the Little Entente countries, especially Czechoslovakia.Шаблон:R The CIC then created a subsidiary, CIC-Paris, which took over the Parisian banking activity as well as Banque Transatlantique and the stakes in foreign banks. Both the BUE and CIC-Paris became fully-owned subsidiaries of a parent holding company, the Шаблон:Lang, which also held the stakes in the regional banks outside Paris. Then, in 1985 the government encouraged the insurer Шаблон:Ill (GAN) to build up a stake in CIC, which reached 34% in January 1986.Шаблон:R Meanwhile, CIC was recapitalized by the state in 1983 and in 1985. In 1987, full ownership of the regional banks (except the Шаблон:Lang which had been too small for nationalization in 1982) was transferred to the Шаблон:Lang, which in June 1988 left the historic head office on rue de la Victoire for a new headquarters at 52, rue de Monceau.Шаблон:R In 1989, the GAN raised its stake to 56%, then 82% in 1991 and 92.6% in 1995, an unusual case of a major banking group owned by an insurance company. In 1990, the BUE incurred major financial difficulties and was merged into the Шаблон:Lang which thus took the new name Шаблон:Lang (UE-CIC) and relocated once more, to the BUE's former Parisian headquarters at 4, rue Gaillon.Шаблон:R In 1993, the CIC-Paris moved across street from its longstanding head office at 66, rue de la Victoire, which it had sold in late 1989, to a renovated complex of buildings between the rue de la Victoire, rue Taitbout, and rue de Provence, known as the "VTP building" for the three streets' initials, including the former head office of Société Générale at 76, rue de la Victoire.
Privatization and integration into the Crédit Mutuel Group
Following the election of a center-right government in 1993, the political pendulum shifted back towards privatization of the CIC and its parent the GAN insurance company, but this was made difficult by both entities' financial difficulties through the downturn of the early 1990s. A first attempt in August 1996, to sell a 67% stake in the CIC holding company, foundered in mid-November, triggering the resignations of the chairmen of both UE-CIC and GAN, in a context of internal opposition to the sale process from both the CIC staff and the more profitable regional banks, including CIAL, BSD, SNVB and CIO.Шаблон:R
In 1998, a second attempt under a new center-left government was more successful and the competitive tender was won in mid-April, somewhat unexpectedly, by the Banque Fédérative du Crédit Mutuel, a Strasbourg-based entity of the Crédit Mutuel Group, led by Шаблон:Ill, with a bid for a 67% stake that valued the whole of UE-CIC at 20 billion French francs.Шаблон:R
The new management from Crédit Mutuel further central control over the group's regional banks, and in 1999 the UE-CIC and CIC-Paris merged back into a single entity called CIC.Шаблон:R In September 2001, Crédit Mutuel completed its takeover of CIC by acquiring the GAN's residual 23% stake,Шаблон:R and CIC was eventually delisted in August 2017. In July 2001, CIC had acquired full ownership of the Banque Transatlantique through a delisting, and in 2002 acquired full ownership of Banque de Luxembourg, in which CIAL had been a major shareholder since 1969, by purchasing Deutsche Bank's 29% stake.Шаблон:R
In the 2000s the CIC further streamlined its regional network and phased out its historic brands. In 2006, CIO and BRO merged to form Шаблон:Lang, renamed Шаблон:Ill in 2010; BSD and CIN (plus the small Шаблон:Lang) merged to form Шаблон:Lang, renamed Шаблон:Lang in 2010; and CIAL and SNVB merged in 2007 to form Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:R The Шаблон:Lang also changed its name to Шаблон:Lang; and the Шаблон:Lang, which had been renamed the Шаблон:Lang in 1988,Шаблон:R became Шаблон:Lang. CIC developed international partnerships, in Italy with Banca Popolare di Milano in 2004, in Tunisia through an increase to 20% of its stake in Banque de Tunisie in 2002, and in Morocco by taking a 10% stake in BMCE Bank,Шаблон:R which was later increased. In 2015, CIC sold the Geneva-based Шаблон:Ill, acquired in stages by the Шаблон:Lang between 1962 and 1996,Шаблон:R to Luxembourg's Banque Havilland. In 2022, CIC encountered international controversy when a New York Times article highlighted its siphoning of millions of Francs in fees and interest from Haiti’s treasury in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[4]
Leadership
For most of its history since 1890, the CIC has had separate individuals holding the respective roles of chair (Шаблон:Lang-fr) and chief executive (Шаблон:Lang-fr or Шаблон:Lang-fr). On several occasion, the chief executive later became chair. The two offices have been merged in 1978-1982 and again since 2011.[1]
Chairs
- Шаблон:Ill (1859-1878)
- Henri Durrieu (1878-1886)
- Joseph Gay (1886-1894)
- Шаблон:Ill (1894-1927)
- Шаблон:Ill (1927-1930)
- Henri Thélier (1930-1936)
- Joseph Deschamp (1936-1952)
- Edmond Lebée (1952-1968)
- Christian Chaix de Lavarène (1968-1978)
- Dominique Chatillon (1978-1982)
- Georges Dumas (1982-1986)
- Jean Dromer (1986-1987)
- Шаблон:Ill (1987-1989)
- Шаблон:Ill (1989-1992)
- Jean-Pierre Aubert (1992-1996)
- Bernard Yoncourt (1996)
- Philippe Pontet (1996-1998)
- Étienne Pflimlin (1998-2010)
- Шаблон:Ill (2011-2014)
- Шаблон:Ill (2014-present)
Chief executives
- Marcel de Saint-Quentin (1890-1894)
- Paul Desvaux (1894?-1907)
- Шаблон:Ill (1907-1921)
- Joseph Deschamp (1921-1931)
- Edmond Lebée (1931-1936)
- Charles Roth le Gentil (1936-1940)
- Charles Dangelzer (1936-1960)
- Christian Chaix de Lavarène (1961-1968)
- Jean Roquerbe (1968-1972)
- Jean-Pierre Fourcade (1972-1974)
- Dominique Chatillon (1974-1982)
- Christian Giacomotto (1982-1988)
- Gilles Guitton (1988-1998)
- Шаблон:Ill (1998-2014)
- Шаблон:Ill (2014-present)
Operations
As of 2006, CIC had 1,890 branches and over 24,000 employees serving over 3.6 million customers.[5] As of 2011, the company offers savings accounts, mortgages, and loans; it also owns stakes in specialized entities involved in private banking, asset management, leasing, securities brokerage, and property/casualty insurance.[6]
Controversies
Check processing fees
In 2010 the French government's Autorité de la concurrence (the department in charge of regulating competition) fined eleven banks, including CIC, the sum of 384,900,000 Euros for colluding to charge unjustified fees on check processing, especially for extra fees charged during the transition from paper check transfer to "Exchanges Check-Image" electronic transfer.[7][8]
National Bank of Haiti
In 1881, CIC set up the National Bank of Haiti to serve central banking functions to the country, by concession from the Haiti government.[9] A subsidiary of CIC, the National Bank had effective control of the Treasury of Haiti, controlling all receipt of public revenues and giving advances to fund the government.[10] The National Bank, using practices sharply criticized e.g. by Haiti statesman Frédéric Marcelin,[11] paid the shareholders of CIC with dividends collected from incomes and taxes collected from ordinary Haitian people and goods like sugar and coffee produced by Haitian farmers,[10] with returns as high as 37% in 1888 and 20.3% in 1900.
A New York Times investigation in 2022, as a part of a broader report about Haiti, suggested that half of the taxes on Haiti’s coffee crop, by far its most important source of revenue, went to French investors at CIC and the National Bank.[4] The pattern of exploitation was part of a larger context of French banking forays into Caribbean countries, in which CIC participated alongside other French institutions.[12] Successive Haitian governments collaborated with The National Bank: for example with the help of the Domingue government a loan arrangement was made [13] for 50 million Francs, for which the initial payment of the ~15 million was made in March of 1875, against the 7 million received by Haiti's Treasury at the time. Currency manipulation was observed because the Haitian Government asked the National Bank to print money to cover the deficits of the payments made to institutions like the CIC.[11]
In 1896, the CIC also successfully managed to secure a second loan of 50,000,000 francs, at 6% interest.[12] Over three decades, French shareholders made profits of at least $136 million in today’sШаблон:When dollars from Haiti’s national bank — about an entire year’s worth of the country’s tax revenues at the time, the documents show.[4] By "effectively choking off the nation’s primary source of income", the CIC "left a crippling legacy of financial extraction and dashed hopes — even by the standards of a nation with a long history of both."[4] The French government sought to distance itself from the CIC because of the criticism of some of the methods used, and the whole scheme came to an end in 1910.[11]
References
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ New York Times:May 20th, 2022:How a French bank captured Haiti
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ CIC > Profil du Groupe Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Collusion in the banking sector, Press Release of Autorité de la concurrence, République Française, 20 September 2010, retrv 2010 9 20
- ↑ 3rd UPDATE: French Watchdog Fines 11 Banks For Fee Cartel Шаблон:Dead link, Elena Bertson, Dow Jones News Wires / Wall Street Journal online, retr 2010 9 20
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
External links
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