Английская Википедия:Creation of life from clay

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Файл:Constantin Hansen Prometheus.jpg
"Prometheus Creating Man in Clay" by Constantin Hansen
Файл:The Great Canterbury Psalter - Psalm 93.png
Creation of Adam from a block of clay in the Great Canterbury Psalter
Файл:Chnum-ihy-isis.jpg
Khnum (right) is a creater god who forms humans and gods out of clay. Here Isis (left) gives life.

The creation of life from clay can be seen as a miraculous birth theme that appears throughout world religions and mythologies. It can also be seen as one of gods who craft humans out of earthly materials. As such, this class of story falls within a larger set of divine or cosmogonic origin stories about creation, whether through divine emergence or divine craft.

Religion, Mythology and Folklore

Jewish, Christian, Muslim

  • The Book of Genesis 2:7 states, "And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul"[1] [King James Version translation]. In context, though, it is important to note that there are two creation stories in Genesis: the one just mentioned in 2:7, and the preceding one in 1:26-27, which simply states, "Let us make man in our image, in our likeness...So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them[2]" [King James Version].
  • It is also worth nothing that the word adam may refer to the fact that this being was an “earthling” formed from the red-hued clay of the earth (in Hebrew, adom means “red,” adamah means “earth”).[3]
  • The Qur'an (Qur'an 23:12),[4] states, "Man We did create from a quintessence of clay" [A. Yusuf Ali translation].
  • In Jewish folklore, a golem (Hebrew: גולם) is an animated anthropomorphic being that is created entirely from inanimate matter, usually clay or mud.[5]

Sumerian & Bablyonian

  • The Epic of Gilgamesh states that the goddess Aruru created humans out of clay.[6][7] The epic goes on to narrate how Aruru also creates Enkidu out of clay[8] as an equal partner in strength for Gilgamesh, "mighty in strength".[9][10]
  • The Sumerian myth of Enki and Ninmah (Ninhursag) states that humans were fashioned from clay to serve the gods (see Enki and the Making of Man). Of note, the creation of humans is portrayed as a contest between Enki and Ninhursag, who take turns finding correct places in society for the newly created humans.[11][12] Note further that creation follows a period of gestation lasting nine days, the poet being careful to note that each day corresponds to a month in the human period of gestation.[13]
  • The Babylonian Epic of Atrahasis states that humans were created by Nintu (Ninhursag) from mixing clay with the blood of a sacrificed god.[14][15] In context, the elder gods forced the younger gods to do all the hard labor so the younger gods devised a plan to create humans to do their bidding instead. The sacrificed god Ilawela (also written as Geshtu-(E), Geshtu, Gestu, or We-ila) is a minor god of intelligence (the text states this quite clearly: "Ilawela ...had intelligence").[16]
  • Contrary to what is commonly claimed, the Babylonian creation epic Enuma Elish does not state that humans are created from clay nor are they created by Ninhursag in this particular version. Rather, they are created from blood and bone.[17] The first tablets uncovered suggested the blood was Marduk's[18] but later tablets state the blood comes from Tiamat's fallen consort, Kingu.[19] Similarly, it is oft claimed that Enki (Ea) creates humans from this blood but it is only because he received instructions to do so from the supreme deity, Marduk[20] (in other words, this was Marudk's will or plan). Regardless, Tablet 6 of the Enuma Elish does not reference Ninhursag, Ninma or Aruru at all, and there is no reference in it to humans being created from clay.

Egyptian

  • The Egyptian god Khnum is said to create human children from clay[21] before placing them into their mother's womb.[22] In context, though, Egyptians more generally believed in a cyclical view of time and rebirth. This meant humans were seen as part of a continuous cycle of creation and destruction, not necessarily originating from a single pair. Just as often, for example, the god Ptah was said to have created the world, including humans, from an act of speech.[23]

Greek

  • In Greek mythology, according to Pseudo-Apollodorus,[24] Prometheus molded men out of water and earth. Near the town of Panopeus, the remaining used clay was allegedly still present in historical times as two cart-sized rocks that smelled like a human body.[25][26] Myths about Prometheus were inspired by Near Eastern Myths about Enki.[27]
  • Also in Greek mythology, Prometheus moulds a clay statue of Minerva, the goddess of wisdom to whom he is devoted, and gives it life from a stolen sunbeam.[28]
  • Pandora, from Greek mythology, was fashioned from clay and given the quality of “naïve grace combined with feeling”.[29]

East Asian

South Asian

  • The Birhor of India believe that a leech was responsible for bringing the creator god mud which would later be made into humans.[31]
  • The Garo people in India believe that a beetle gave clay to the creator god Tatara-Rabuga, who made humanity from it.[33]
  • Andamanese Mythology women were fashioned from clay (while the men emerged from split bamboo).[34][35]

South East Asian

  • Ara and Irik, two bird spirits from Bornean myth, created humans from clay and the sound of their own voices.

Central Asian

  • Central Asian mythology, including Altaic and Mongolian, have stories about how the god Ulgen created the first man, Erlik, from clay floating on the surface of water. [38] [39]
  • Buryatian mythology has the god Sombov create humans from clay and wool.[40]

African

  • The Yoruba culture holds that the god Obatala, likewise, created the human race from clay.[41]
  • The Efé people have a creation story in which the first man was made of clay and skin.[42]
  • The Songye people have a creation myth involving two gods, Mwile and Kolombo, creating humans out of clay as part of a rivalry.[44]
  • Some of the Dinka of Sudan believe Nhialac, the creator, formed the humans Abuk and Garang from clay. The clay was put into pots to grow, and eventually came out as fully-grown adults. Other narratives attribute the creation of humanity to Nhialac blowing his nose or believe that humans came from the sky and were placed upon a river as full-grown adults. [45]
  • The Dogon people believe the Earth goddess was made when Amma flung earth into the primordial void.[46]
  • In a Madagascar myth, two gods create human beings: the earth god forms them from wood and clay, the god of heaven gives them life. Human beings die so that they may return to the origins of their being.[47]

Polynesian

  • In Hawaiian tradition, the first man was composed of muddy water and his female counterpart was taken from his side parts (story may be partially or entirely christianized).[48]
  • The Māori people believe that Tāne Mahuta, god of the forest, created the first woman out of clay and breathed life into her.
  • According to Inca mythology, the creator god, Viracocha, formed humans from clay on his second attempt at creating living creatures.[49]
  • Tane, in Polynesian mythology, created the original woman from red clay.[50]

Norse

Native Peoples

  • According to the beliefs of some Indigenous Americans, the Earth-maker formed the figure of many men and women, which he dried in the sun and into which he breathed life.[53]
  • In the K'iche' creation story Popol Vuh, the first humans are made of clay, although they soak up water and disintegrate.
  • Woyengi, in Ijaw tradition, created humans from earth that fell from the sky before granting them identities.
  • The Ainu historically believed that Kamui built the Ainu on the back of a giant fish using clay, sticks, and water.[54]
  • Iñupiat mythology has Raven create a human out of clay, who would later become Tornaq, the first demon.[55]

Mesoamerican

  • The Aymaran creation myth involves the making of humans from clay.[56]

Other

In science

In fiction

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

  1. Шаблон:Cite web
  2. Шаблон:Cite web
  3. Шаблон:Cite book
  4. Q23:12, 50+ translations, islamawakened.com
  5. Шаблон:Cite web
  6. Шаблон:Cite book
  7. Шаблон:Cite book
  8. Шаблон:Cite book
  9. Шаблон:Cite book
  10. Шаблон:Cite book
  11. Шаблон:Cite book
  12. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
  13. Шаблон:Cite book
  14. Шаблон:Cite book
  15. Шаблон:Cite book
  16. Шаблон:Cite book
  17. Шаблон:Cite book
  18. Шаблон:Cite book
  19. Шаблон:Cite book
  20. Шаблон:Cite book
  21. Шаблон:Cite book
  22. Encyclopedia Britannica
  23. Шаблон:Cite book
  24. Bibliotheca 1.7.1
  25. Pausanias, Description of Greece 10. 4. 4
  26. Dougherty, C. (2006). Prometheus. Abingdon: Routledge.
  27. West, S. (1994). Prometheus Orientalized. Museum Helveticum, 51(3), 129-149.
  28. David Jonathan Hildner, Reason and the Passions in the Comedias of Calderón, John Benjamin’s Publishing Co. 1982, pp.67-71
  29. Шаблон:Cite web
  30. Handbook of Chinese Mythology, by Lihui Yang et al., Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 170–172.
  31. Leeming, David Adams. Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2010. External link
  32. Leeming, David Adams. Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2010. External link
  33. Leeming, David Adams. Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2010. External link
  34. Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred Reginald. The Andaman Islanders: A study in social anthropology . 2nd printing (enlarged). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933 [1906]. p. 192
  35. Witzel, Michael E.J. (2012). The Origin of The World's Mythologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 309-312
  36. Шаблон:Cite book
  37. Шаблон:Cite web
  38. Шаблон:Cite web
  39. Leeming, David Adams. Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2010. External link
  40. Leeming, David Adams. Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2010. External link
  41. Шаблон:Cite web
  42. Leeming, David Adams. Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2010. External link
  43. Leeming, David Adams. Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2010. External link
  44. Leeming, David Adams. Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2010. External link
  45. Leeming, David Adams. Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2010. External link p. 95-96
  46. Leeming, David Adams. Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2010. External link p. 312
  47. Шаблон:Cite book
  48. Шаблон:Cite book
  49. Steele, P. R., & Allen, C. J. (2004). Handbook of inca mythology. In Handbook of Inca mythology (pp. 53-54). Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO.
  50. Leeming, David Adams. Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2010. External link
  51. Hultgård, Anders (2006). "The Askr and Embla Myth in a Comparative Perspective". In Andrén, Anders; Jennbert, Kristina; Raudvere, Catharina (editors).Old Norse Religion in Long-term Perspectives. Nordic Academic Press. Шаблон:ISBN
  52. Шаблон:Cite book
  53. Almost Ancestors: The First Californians by Theodora Kroeber and Robert F. Heizer
  54. Leeming, David Adams. Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2010. External link p. 10-11
  55. Leeming, David Adams. Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2010. External link
  56. Leeming, David Adams. Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2010. External link
  57. Шаблон:Citation
  58. Wonder Woman: The Complete History by Les Daniels, published by Chronicle in 2000, Шаблон:ISBN
  59. The Secret History of Wonder Woman by Jill Lepore, published by Knopf in 2015, Шаблон:ISBN
  60. The Encyclopedia of Comic Book Heroes by Michael L. Fleischer, published in 1976, Шаблон:ISBN