Английская Википедия:Crevasse
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Hatnote
A crevasse is a deep crack that forms in a glacier or ice sheet. Crevasses form as a result of the movement and resulting stress associated with the shear stress generated when two semi-rigid pieces above a plastic substrate have different rates of movement. The resulting intensity of the shear stress causes a breakage along the faces.
Description
Crevasses often have vertical or near-vertical walls, which can then melt and create seracs, arches, and other ice formations.[1] These walls sometimes expose layers that represent the glacier's stratigraphy. Crevasse size often depends upon the amount of liquid water present in the glacier. A crevasse may be as deep as Шаблон:Convert and as wide as Шаблон:Convert[2]
The presence of water in a crevasse can significantly increase its penetration. Water-filled crevasses may reach the bottom of glaciers or ice sheets and provide a direct hydrologic connection between the surface,[3] where significant summer melting occurs, and the bed of the glacier, where additional water may moisten and lubricate the bed and accelerate ice flow.[4][5] Direct drains of water from the top of a glacier, known as moulins, can also contribute the lubrication and acceleration of ice flow.[5]
Types
- Longitudinal crevasses form parallel to flow where the glacier width is expanding. They develop in areas of tensile stress, such as where a valley widens or bends. They are typically concave down and form an angle greater than 45° with the margin.[6]
- Splaying crevasses appear along the edges of a glacier and result from shear stress from the margin of the glacier and longitudinal compressing stress from lateral extension. They extend from the glacier's margin and are concave up with respect to glacier flow, making an angle less than 45° with the margin.
- Transverse crevasses are the most common crevasse type. They form in a zone of longitudinal extension where the principal stresses are parallel to the direction of glacier flow, creating extensional tensile stress. These crevasses stretch across the glacier transverse to the flow direction, or cross-glacier. They generally form where a valley becomes steeper.[6]
Dangers
Falling into glacial crevasses can be dangerous and life-threatening.[7] Some glacial crevasses (such as on the Khumbu Icefall at Mount Everest) can be Шаблон:Convert deep, which can cause fatal injuries upon falling.[8] Hypothermia is often a cause of death when falling into a crevasse.[2]
A crevasse may be covered, but not necessarily filled, by a snow bridge made of the previous years' accumulation and snow drifts. The result is that crevasses are rendered invisible, and thus potentially lethal to anyone attempting to navigate their way across a glacier. Occasionally a snow bridge over an old crevasse may begin to sag, providing some landscape relief, but this cannot be relied upon.[9]Шаблон:Rp
The danger of falling into a crevasse can be minimized by roping together multiple climbers into a rope team,[9]Шаблон:Rp and the use of friction knots.[10]
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
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