Английская Википедия:Criminal punishment in Edo-period Japan

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During the Edo period, Japan (1603-1868) used various punishments against criminals.

Categories of punishment

During the Edo period, Japan used various punishments against criminals. These can be categorized as follows:

Death penalty

Serious crimes such as murder and arson were punished by death.Шаблон:Citation needed The Tokugawa shogunate maintained execution grounds for Edo at Kozukappara, Suzugamori, and Itabashi.Шаблон:Citation needed

Kozukappara, also known as Kotsukappara or Kozukahara, is currently located near the southwest exit of Tokyo's Minami-Senju Station.Шаблон:Citation needed It is estimated that between 100,000 and 200,000 people were executed here.Шаблон:Citation needed Only part of the site remains, located next to Emmeiji temple, partly buried under the rail tracks and under a more-recent burial ground.Шаблон:Citation needed Archaeological and morphological research was done by Tokyo University on the skulls found buried here which confirmed the execution methods.Шаблон:Citation needed

Another notable one was located at Suzugamori in Shinagawa. Both sites are still sparsely commemorated in situ with memorial plaques and tombstones.Шаблон:Citation needed

The shogunate executed criminals in various ways:

The death penalty often carried collateral punishments.Шаблон:Citation needed One was parading the criminal around town prior to execution.Шаблон:Citation needed A similar one was public display of the criminal prior to execution. A third was public display of the severed head.Шаблон:Citation needed

Samurai were often sentenced to commit seppuku in lieu of these forms of punishment.Шаблон:Citation needed Seppuku is a term of suicide for the samurai.

Incarceration and exile

Depending on the severity of the crime, magistrates could sentence convicts to incarceration in various forms:

Exclusion from the location of the crime was a penalty for both commoners and samurai.

Penal labor

For crimes requiring moderate punishment, convicts could be sent to work at labor camps such as the one on Ishikawa-jima in Edo Bay. More serious acts could result in being sent to work in the gold mine on the island of Sado. In 1590, Hideyoshi had banned "unfree labor" or slavery; but forms of contract and indentured labor persisted alongside the period penal codes' forced labor.Шаблон:Citation needed For example, the Edo period penal laws prescribed "non-free labor" for the immediate family of executed criminals in Article 17 of the Gotōke reijō (Tokugawa House Laws), but the practice never became common.Шаблон:Citation needed The 1711 Gotōke reijō was compiled from over 600 statutes promulgated between 1597 and 1696.[1]

It was also common for female convicts to be sentenced to serve terms working as slaves and prostitutes in walled Red Light Districts, most notably Yoshiwara.Шаблон:Citation needed

Confiscation

A penalty that targeted merchants especially was kesshō, the confiscation of a business.Шаблон:Citation needed

Corporal punishment

Handcuffing allowed the government to punish a criminal while he was under house arrest. Depending on the severity of the crime, the sentence might last 30, 50, or 100 days.Шаблон:Citation needed

Flagellation was a common penalty for crimes such as theft and fighting. Amputation of the nose or ears replaced flogging as penalty early in the Edo period.Шаблон:Citation needed The 8th Shōgun of Edo, Tokugawa Yoshimune introduced judicial Flogging Penalty, or tataki, in 1720. A convicted criminal could be sentenced to a maximum of 100 lashes. Samurai and priests were exempt from flogging, and the penalty was applied only to commoners. The convict was stripped of all outer clothing and struck about the buttocks and back.Шаблон:Citation needed The flogging penalty was used until 1867, though it fell out of favor from 1747 to 1795 intermittently. Both men and women could be sentenced to a flogging, though during one segment of the mid-Edo period, women were imprisoned rather than flogged.[2]

Origin of flogging penalty

In 757 A.D., the Chinese-influenced Yoro Ritsuryo (養老律令) legal system was enacted and introduced Five Judicial Penalties (五刑). Two of the Five Judicial Penalties involved Flogging.Шаблон:Citation needed Light Flogging provided for 10 to 50 lashes, while Heavy Flogging stipulated 60 to 100 strokes.Шаблон:Citation needed However, a slave could be sentenced to up a maximum of 200 lashes.Шаблон:Citation needed These flogging penalties only applied to male commoners.Шаблон:Citation needed Convicts of the nobility, along with female commoners, might be sentenced to the imposition of handcuffs or a fine. When a convicted criminal was flogged, half the number of lashes were typically applied to the back, half to the buttocks.Шаблон:Citation needed At times, if the convict's request to change the lash target was sanctioned then the lashes would be applied only to the back or to the buttocks. By the Age of Warring States, flogging had been largely replaced by decapitation.[3]

See also

Kozukappara execution grounds

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

External links

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  1. ↑ Lewis, James Bryant. (2003). Frontier Contact Between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan, p. 31–32.
  2. ↑ Nawa Yumio "Torture and Penalty in Japan"
  3. ↑ Im Myung-Su "Torture and Punishment in Edo period"
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