Английская Википедия:Crnojević noble family

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Pov Шаблон:Infobox noble house

The House of Crnojević (Montenegrin and Serbian Cyrillic: Црнојевић, Шаблон:Small Crnojevići / Црнојевићи) was a medieval Serbian noble familyШаблон:SfnШаблон:Better source[1] that held Zeta, or parts of it; a region north of Lake Skadar corresponding to southern Montenegro and northern Albania, from 1326 to 1362, then 1403 until 1515.

Its progenitor Đuraš Ilijić was the head of Upper Zeta in the Medieval Kingdom of Serbia and Empire (r. 1326–1362†), under Stefan Dečanski, Dušan the Mighty and Stefan Uroš V. Đuraš was killed in 1362 by the Balšić family, the holders of Lower Zeta (since 1360); Zeta was in the hands of the Balšići under nominal Imperial rule until 1421, when Serbian Despot Stefan Lazarević was given the province by Balša III (1403–1421). The family fought its rivals following the murder of Đuraš, and the Crnojevićs controlled Budva from 1392 until 1396, when Radič Crnojević was murdered by the Balšićs. They are mentioned again in 1403, as vassals of the Republic of Venice, taking power in their hereditary lands.

History

Origins

During the 14th and throughout the 15th century, the Crnojević family became one of the most politically influential dynasties of the region. They ruled the territory of Zeta, north of Lake Skadar, roughly corresponding to modern-day Southern Montenegro and Northern Albania.Шаблон:Sfn At times, they cooperated with the Balšić, a competing noble family, but most frequently fought them for control.Шаблон:Sfn

Đuraš Vrančić, a nobleman who served King Stefan Milutin (r. 1282–1321) in the Kingdom of Serbia,[2] is the earliest known progenitor of the family.Шаблон:Sfn His grandson Đuraš Ilijić (son of Ilija Đurašević) was a military leader under Tsar Stefan Dušan and head of Upper Zeta from 1326 until 1362.Шаблон:Sfn[3] Under Đuraš Ilijić, the family was referred to as Đurašević.Шаблон:Sfn

Đuraš Ilijić became advisor to the Serbian King Stefan of Dečani in 1326. Five years later, Đuraš supported Prince Dušan Nemanjić in overthrowing the King.

In 1355, the Croatian duchess and sister of Emperor Dušan, Jelena Nemanjić Šubić, had come greatly under pressure by the Hungarian King who attacked one of her cities in Croatia, (Skradin). Emperor Dušan dispatched Đuraš Ilijić to relieve the siege. He left with an army and his two brothers, Nikola and Vladin, as well as his sons and nephews.Шаблон:Sfn Đuraš successfully kept the city up to January 10, 1356, when Emperor Uroš, Dušan's successor, ordered him to deliver it to the Venetians.[4]

Đuraš was liquidated by Balša I's sons as a rival in 1362.Шаблон:Sfn He was buried in the Church of Saint Michael on Prevlaka with the inscription "in Emperor's Stefan's name the third knight" (Шаблон:Lang-sr).

After this, the Đuraševići were greatly suppressed by the Balšić. They ruled in the areas of Budva and the Gulf of Kotor.Шаблон:Sfn

Crnoje Đurašević, the son of Đuraš, had three sons: Radič, Stefan and Dobrivoje. Crnoje's descendants initially bore the surnames Crnojević-Đurašević but eventually dropped the former and only became Crnojević.Шаблон:Sfn

Crnojević

Файл:Crnojeviccoa.jpg
Шаблон:FIAV Coat of arms of the Crnojevići, according to the Illyrian Armorials.
Файл:Flag of Zeta.svg
Шаблон:FIAV Шаблон:FIAV Flag of the Crnojevići.

Radič, the successor of Crnoje, emerged, together with his brothers Stefan and Dobrivoje, as the masters of Budva, at the end of the 14th century. He maintained close relations with the Republic of Dubrovnik, where he was a honorary citizen.Шаблон:Sfn At the same time, the relations with City of Kotor were bad. He frequently jeopardized Kotor and expanded his domain to include Grbalj and Paštrovići.Шаблон:Sfn As the Serbian Empire crumbled, the House of Crnoje became virtually independent in Upper Zeta (region around modern Cetinje.Шаблон:Cn Radič was killed in combat in a war against the House of Balšić in 1396.Шаблон:Sfn

After the death of Radič, the Crnojevići, under the brothers Dobrivoj and Stefan, suffered a major decline. There were territorial losses to the Đuraševići, led by the brothers Đurađ and Aleksa (also called Lješ), both sons of the late Radič. They were first referred to in sources in 1403.Шаблон:Sfn They seemed to have been actively supporting Đurađ II's campaign against the Crnojevići in the late 1390s. They also played a major role in Sandalj Hranić's expulsion from Zeta through a campaign led by Đurađ. As a reward, Đurađ gave them Budva, as well as Saint Michael's Metohija (Grbalj). The Đuraševići used this period of support of the Balšićs to gain much of the Crnojević possessions in the mountains behind Kotor.Шаблон:Cn Đuraš and Aleksa sided with Venetians and as their vassals ruled the area of Upper Zeta in 1403–1435.Шаблон:Sfn

The most important role in establishing the family's rule in Zeta belongs to Stefan I called "Stefanica" (1451–1465).Шаблон:Sfn He used the turmoil in Zeta and managed to become de facto ruler of the region. He secured a leading position in his family and married Maria, the daughter of prominent nobleman Gjon Kastrioti.Шаблон:Sfn After the fall of the southern part of Serbia under the Turks in 1455, Stefan acknowledged Venetian rule in return for autonomy on internal affairs and autonomy for the Orthodox Metropolitan.

His son Ivan (1465–1490), better known as Ivan-beg, started his rule with a war on the Venetians, but had to repent later in face of Turkish threat. In 1474, the Ottomans took Upper Zeta and in 1478 took his territory, which was centered around Žabljak.[5] He fled to the coast and returned in 1481 following the death of Mehmet the Conqueror as a Turkish vassal, after already previously being a Venetian one.[5][6] He was allowed to keep territory, which now comprised the coast above Kotor to Lake Skadar and north of the Zeta river.[5] He moved the seat of Zeta Metropolitan from Prevlaka to the more secure Cetinje in 1485 and soon it became his capital.

Ivan's son Đurađ (1490–1496) remained consistent to his father's policies, although he married a daughter of a Venetian noble. He founded the printing house of the Cetinje monastery in which the first book in the Cyrillic script of Church Slavonic among South Slavs was printed in 1494.[7] When his contacts with the King of France on starting an anti-Ottoman war became known to the Turks, he had to flee Montenegro, which fell under direct Turkish rule.

He was succeeded by his brother Stefan II (1496–1498) who led the administration of Montenegro for the Ottoman Empire. Ivan's third son Staniša, now islamized and renamed as Skender-beg, ruled his ancestral lands from 1513 to 128.Шаблон:Sfn

The descendants of Đurađ lived in Hungary and Venice where they died out in the mid-17th century.Шаблон:Sfn

Rulers

Lord of Zeta/Montenegro:

Sanjak-bey of Montenegro:

Family tree

Шаблон:Tree list

Шаблон:Tree list/end

See also

Шаблон:Commons category

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Crnojević noble family Шаблон:Serbian noble houses Шаблон:Royal houses of Montenegro Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Slijepčević 1974, p. 43: "Према Карлу Хопфу и Балшићи и Црнојевићи »припадају без спора српскоме племену».34) Милан Шуфлај вели: »Балшићи су румунскога и влашкога подријетла;"
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Crnojević_noble_family&oldid=14106968