Английская Википедия:Crossair Flight 3597

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Crossair Flight 3597 was a scheduled flight from Berlin Tegel Airport, Germany, to Zürich Airport, Switzerland. On 24 November 2001, the Crossair Avro RJ100 operating the route, registered as Шаблон:Airreg crashed into a wooded range of hills near Bassersdorf and caught fire. Out of the 33 occupants, nine made it out alive.Шаблон:Rp

Aircraft

The accident aircraft, an Avro 146-RJ100, was registration as HB-IXM, manufactured in 1996, had its Maiden flight on 16 August, and logged more than 13,000 hours and 11,500 cycles in total before the crash. The airplane was delivered to Crossair on 23 August 1996. The aircraft was powered by four Lycoming LF507-1F turbofan engines. Шаблон:Rp

Accident

Flight 3597 departed Berlin Tegel Airport at 21:01 CET with 28 passengers, three flight attendants, and the cockpit crew consisting of Captain Hans Ulrich Lutz (57) and First Officer Stefan Löhrer (25). Lutz was a highly experienced pilot with more than 19,500 flight hours, approximately 19,300 of which were as pilot in command. Löhrer, in contrast, was inexperienced, with just 490 total flight hours.

Upon arrival in Zürich airspace, about an hour after takeoff, the pilots were cleared for an instrument landing system (ILS) approach to runway 14, but were switched to a VOR/DME (VHF Omnidirectional Range/Distance Measuring Equipment) approach to runway 28 due to a noise abatement statute after 10:00 p.m. There were poor visibility conditions due to low clouds, and the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) captured the transmission of a previously-landing Crossair flight informing air traffic control (ATC) that they could not see the runway until Шаблон:Convert away. At 22:07 CET, Flight 3597 crashed into a wooded range of hills near the small town of Bassersdorf, around Шаблон:Convert short of the runway, where it broke apart and burst into flames. 24 people died, including the 2 pilots and 1 attendant, while 7 passengers and 2 attendants survived.

Passengers

Файл:Melanie Thornton at Leipzig, Germany, November 2001.jpg

American singer and former La Bouche member Melanie Thornton was one of the passengers who died in the crash.

Nationality	Passengers (dead)	Crew (dead)	Total (dead)
Canada	1	0	1
Germany	11	0	11
Iran	2	0	2
Israel	3	0	3
Netherlands	1	0	1
Switzerland	2	3	5
SwedenШаблон:Efn	1	0	1
United StatesШаблон:Efn	1	0	1
Total (dead)	21	3	24

Flight 3597 was carrying a total of 33 people. 5 crew members and 28 passengers were on board.

Among the 24 people that died in the accident were Melanie Thornton, the former lead singer of the German Eurodance duo La Bouche, and singers Nathaly van het Ende and Maria Serrano Serrano of the German Eurodance trio Passion Fruit; the groups third singer, Debby St. Maarten and manager were among the 9 people that survived.

Swiss businesswoman and politician Jacqueline Badran was among the survivors of the crash.

Investigation

Файл:Crashsite1.jpg

The site of the crash

Файл:Crashsite2.jpg

Memorial for those killed

While Captain Lutz was an experienced pilot, his competence soon came under close scrutiny by investigators from the Swiss Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB). The AAIB would conclude that the accident was a controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) caused by a series of pilot errors and navigation mistakes that led the plane off-course.Шаблон:Failed verification This course deviation caused the plane to crash into a hilltop, Шаблон:Convert short of and Шаблон:Convert north of its assigned landing strip, runway 28.Шаблон:Rp

Flight 3597 had originally been scheduled to land on runway 14, the main landing runway at Zürich, which was equipped with an ILS system that provides vertical and lateral guidance to the runway. The CVR records Lutz and Löhrer discussing "the 14 approach" as well as Lutz's request that Löhrer call out the height when the plane reached 100 feet above DA (decision altitude – the altitude at which an immediate decision to land or initiate a missed approach must be made). However, Flight 3597 was behind schedule and would not reach Zürich until after 22:00 CET, necessitating a change to its landing plan. Zürich ATC, in order to comply with a new Swiss law designed to reduce airport noise from approaching aircraft over southern Germany in the late evening hours, redirected all flights on final approach to switch from the ILS-equipped runway 14 to the less-accurate VOR/DME-equipped runway 28. This runway change forced Lutz to abandon his planned ILS approach and required Löhrer to consult the Jeppesen charts for runway 28. The charts included a new set of approach parameters, of which the higher minimum descent altitude (MDA) was the most crucial piece of information.

The MDA states the minimum altitude in MSL to safely fly above any obstructions or terrain in the final approach flight-path before visual contact with the runway is made. Unlike a DA in a precision approach, an MDA requires that after crossing the Final Approach Fix, the pilot should descend and maintain MDA until the pilot reports that the runway is in sight, allowing the landing to safely be completed visually. In contrast to the ILS approach, which displays lateral and vertical position, the VOR/DME approach only shows the lateral position of the aircraft and its range to the runway. Due to increased azimuth error associated with the use of VORs and lack of vertical guidance (glide slope), the MDA is therefore often higher than a DA (Decision Altitude) for an ILS.

Although both pilots were based in Zürich and the CVR picks up Lutz's query to Löhrer about Löhrer's familiarity with "the 28 approach", which Löhrer confirmed he had, Lutz put the plane into an overly-steep descent that brought Flight 3597 to MDA far too soon. When Löhrer reported the plane reaching 100 feet above MDA, the CVR records Lutz asking Löhrer, "Do we have ground contact?" Löhrer hesitated before replying, "Yes". However, flight simulators programmed with the time of day, terrain, and weather Lutz was facing at that time allowed investigators to determine that the only ground Lutz or Löhrer could see was the ground of the hilly terrain over which the plane was flying. Upon reaching MDA of Шаблон:Convert, Lutz declared that he had "ground contact" and would continue on, then deliberately descended the plane below the MDA without having the required visual contact with either the approach lights or the runway, a major piloting error that ultimately led to the crash. The fact that Löhrer made no attempt to prevent the continuation of the flight below the MDA also contributed to the crash. Lutz made an additional error by not monitoring the DME as he made his approach; the CVR recorded Lutz's running narrative on nearly every move he made in the cockpit, but did not record any readout of the DME after a check, verified by Löhrer, at Шаблон:Convert from runway 28. Moments before the crash, Lutz's running commentary indicated to investigators that he thought he was at or near Шаблон:Convert from runway 28 because he said, "Someone said he saw the runway late here". Instead, Lutz was over Шаблон:Convert from the runway, and could not possibly have seen the runway due to the presence of a hill below the MDA of Шаблон:Convert, which obscured his view. Just before the crash, the synthetic voice of the ground proximity warning system (GPWS) announced the radio altimeter reading 500 feet above ground. Lutz exclaimed, "Shit, two miles he said, he sees the runway!" A few seconds later Lutz said, "Two thousand" and then one second later the synthetic voice gave the "minimums" GPWS message, which was triggered by the radio altimeter reading at 300 feet. Even though Lutz finally realized that his inability to see the runway meant he needed to initiate a missed approach maneuver (called a "go-around"), his call for the go-around came too late; the plane's engines were not able to spool up fast enough to generate sufficient thrust to climb above the hill that had been obstructing his view, and the plane crashed into the hilltop at 22:06 CET.

Final report

The AAIB report determined that Lutz had failed to perform correct navigation and landing procedures on previous occasions, but no action had been taken by Crossair to remove him from transporting passengers. Lutz had twice failed to upgrade his flight certifications to the more complex MD-83 due to insufficient comprehension of its computerized navigational systems.Шаблон:Rp The report also documented Lutz's role in causing the total loss of a Crossair Saab 340 by retracting its landing gear while it was still on the apron,Шаблон:Rp which led to Crossair relieving him of his flight instructing duties in 1991.Шаблон:Rp

In spite of those demonstrated deficiencies, however, Crossair continued to allow Lutz to fly passengers (reportedly due to a shortage of qualified pilots), and he continued to demonstrate his overall deficiencies as a line pilot. These included a near-miss incident on final approach to Lugano Airport where Lutz came within Шаблон:Convert of colliding with the shore of Lake Lugano during a dangerous Шаблон:Convert-per-minute descentШаблон:Rp and a navigational error during a sightseeing tour over the Alps that took the flight far off its course to Sion. In this particular incident, Lutz missed his approach into Sion and circled over what he thought was Sion's airport for several minutes before passengers spotted road signs in Italian; the navigational error had taken them over the Great St Bernard Pass, and the airport they had been circling was in fact Aosta Valley Airport in Italy.Шаблон:Rp

The final report of the AAIB states that other factors also contributed to the accident:

• The range of hills the plane crashed into was not marked in the Jeppesen approach chart used by the crew.Шаблон:Rp
• Despite the hilly terrain surrounding it, the approach to runway 28 was not equipped with a Minimum Safe Altitude Warning (MSAW) system, which triggers an alarm if a minimum safe altitude is violated.Шаблон:Rp
• Zürich Airport's means of determining visibility were inadequate for runway 28.Шаблон:Rp
• The visual minimums at the time of the accident were actually inappropriate for using the standard approach to runway 28.Шаблон:Rp
• An inexperienced air traffic controller was alone in the control tower. A more experienced controller might have allowed the flight to land on runway 14 because of the poor weather conditions.

Dramatization

The hourlong Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic TV series Mayday featured the crash in a Season 10 episode titled Cockpit Failure in 2011.

On 28 November 2021 the crash was featured in a German news report for the 20th anniversary of Melanie Thornton's death and it featured an interview from Debby St. Maarten about how she survived and that she knew that her group mates were dead during the events of the accident.

See also

• Korean Air Flight 801
• Asiana Airlines Flight 733
• Air China Flight 129
• Thai Airways International Flight 311, a CFIT accident.
• Turkish Airlines Flight 634
• Henan Airlines Flight 8387
• TransAsia Airways Flight 222
• Alitalia Flight 404, another CFIT accident near Zurich
• American Airlines Flight 965
• Prinair Flight 277
• Air Inter Flight 148
• Cebu Pacific Flight 387

External links

• Final report on the crash Шаблон:Webarchive (Alternative) (Archive) – Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau
  • Report Шаблон:Webarchive (Archive) Шаблон:In lang (Original)
  • Report Шаблон:Webarchive (Archive) Шаблон:In lang
• Crossair Status of the Accident Investigation
• Accident Description at the Aviation Safety Network