Английская Википедия:Cuban Spanish

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Cuban Spanish is the variety of the Spanish language as it is spoken in Cuba. As a Caribbean variety of Spanish, Cuban Spanish shares a number of features with nearby varieties, including coda weakening and neutralization, non-inversion of Wh-questions, and a lower rate of dropping of subject pronouns compared to other Spanish varieties. As a variety spoken in Latin America, it has seseo and lacks the Шаблон:Lang pronoun.

Origins

Cuban Spanish is most similar to, and originates largely from, the Spanish that is spoken in the Canary Islands and Andalusia. Cuba owes much of its speech patterns to the heavy Canarian migrations of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The accent of La Palma is the closest of the Canary Island accents to the Cuban accent. Many Cubans and returning Canarians settled in the Canary Islands after the revolution of 1959. Migration of other Spanish settlers (Asturians, Catalans, Castilians), and especially Galicians also occurred, but left less influence on the accent.

Much of the typical Cuban vocabulary stems from Canarian lexicon. For example, guagua ('bus') differs from standard Spanish autobús. An example of Canarian usage for a Spanish word is the verb fajarse ('to fight'). In Spain, the verb would be pelearse, and fajar exists as a non-reflexive verb related to the hemming of a skirt.

Much of the vocabulary that is peculiar to Cuban Spanish comes from the different historic influences on the island. Many words come from the Canary Islands, but some words are of West African, French, or indigenous Taino origin, as well as peninsular Spanish influence from outside the Canary Islands, such as Andalusian or Galician.

The West African influence is due to the large Afro-Cuban population, most of whom are descended from African slaves imported in the 19th century. Some Cuban words of African origin include Шаблон:Lang 'wonderful', Шаблон:Lang 'friend', and Шаблон:Lang 'Yoruba deity'. In addition, different Afro-Cuban religions and secret societies also different African languages in their practices and liturgies.

Many Afro-Cubans in the 19th century also spoke Bozal Spanish, derived from the term Шаблон:Lang, which originally referred to muzzles for wild dogs and horses, and came to be used to refer to enslaved Africans who spoke little Spanish. Some elements of Bozal Spanish can still be found in the speech of elderly Afro-Cubans in remote rural areas, in Palo Mayombe chants, and in trance states during possession rituals in Santería.

Due to historical commercial ties between the US and Cuba, American English has lent several words, including some for clothing, such as pulóver (which is used to mean "T-shirt") and chor ("shorts", with the typical Spanish change from English sh to ch, like mentioned above, Шаблон:Angbr may be pronounced [[[:Шаблон:IPAlink]]], the pronunciation of English "sh"). Anglicisms related to baseball, such as strike and foul, are frequently employed, with Spanish pronunciation.

Phonology

Characteristic of Cuban Spanish is the weak pronunciation of consonants, especially at the end of a syllable. Syllable-final Шаблон:IPA weakens to Шаблон:IPA or disappears entirely; word-final Шаблон:IPA becomes Шаблон:IPA; syllable-final Шаблон:IPA may become Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, or even become entirely silent. Final Шаблон:IPA more frequently becomes Шаблон:IPA in the eastern and central regions of Cuba. Postvocalic Шаблон:IPA tends to disappear entirely. All of these characteristics occur to one degree or another in other Caribbean varieties, as well as in many dialects in Andalusia (in southern Spain)—the place of historical origin of these characteristics.

One of the most prominent features of Cuban Spanish is the debuccalization of Шаблон:IPA in syllable coda i.e. Шаблон:IPA becomes Шаблон:IPA (resulting in a phonetic merger with Шаблон:IPA) or disappears. This trait is shared with most American varieties of Spanish spoken in coastal and low areas (Lowland Spanish), as well as with Canarian Spanish and the Spanish spoken in the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula.

Take for example, the following sentence:

Шаблон:Lang (Eso' perro' no tienen dueño')

Шаблон:IPA

('Those dogs do not have owners')

Also, because Шаблон:IPA may also be deleted in the syllable coda and because this feature has variable realizations, any or all instances of Шаблон:IPA in the above example may be dropped, potentially rendering Шаблон:IPA. Other examples: disfrutar ("to enjoy") is pronounced Шаблон:IPA, and fresco ("fresh") becomes Шаблон:IPA. In Havana, después ("after[ward]") is typically pronounced Шаблон:IPA (de'pué'/despué').

Another instance of consonant weakening ("lenition") in Cuban Spanish (as in many other dialects) is the deletion of intervocalic Шаблон:IPA in the participle ending -ado (-ao/-a'o), as in cansado (cansao/cansa'o) Шаблон:IPA "tired"). More typical of Cuba and the Caribbean is the elision of final Шаблон:IPA in some verb infinitives, or merger with Шаблон:IPA; e.g. parar, 'to stop', can be realized as Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA (Шаблон:Lang).

The voiceless velar fricative [x] (spelled as Шаблон:Angbr before Шаблон:Angbr or Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr) is usually aspirated or pronounced [[[:Шаблон:IPAlink]]], common in Andalusian and Canarian dialects and most Latin American dialects.

In some areas of Cuba, the voiceless affricate [[[:Шаблон:IPAlink]]] (spelled as ch) is deaffricated to [[[:Шаблон:IPAlink]]].

The Spanish of the eastern provinces (the five provinces comprising what was formerly Oriente Province) is closer to that of the Dominican Republic than to the Spanish spoken in the western part of the island.

In western Cuba Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA in a syllable coda can be merged with each other and assimilated to the following consonant, resulting in geminates. At the same time, the non-assimilated and unmerged pronunciations are more common. Example pronunciations, according to the analysis of Шаблон:Harvp which transcribes the merged, underlying phoneme as Шаблон:IPA:Шаблон:Sfnp

/l/ or /r/ + /f/	>	/d/ + /f/:	[ff]	a[ff]iler, hue[ff]ano	(Sp. 'alfiler', 'huérfano')
/l/ or /r/ + /s/	>	/d/ + /s/:	[ds]	fa[ds]a, du[ds]e	(Sp. 'falsa or farsa', 'dulce')
/l/ or /r/ + /h/	>	/d/ + /h/:	[ɦh]	ana[ɦh]ésico, vi[ɦh]en	(Sp. 'analgésico', 'virgen')
/l/ or /r/ + /b/	>	/d/ + /b/:	[b˺b]	si[b˺b]a, cu[b˺b]a	(Sp. 'silba or sirva', 'curva')
/l/ or /r/ + /d/	>	/d/ + /d/:	[d˺d]	ce[d˺d]a, acue[d˺d]o	(Sp. 'celda or cerda', 'acuerdo')
/l/ or /r/ + /g/	>	/d/ + /g/:	[g˺g]	pu[g˺g]a, la[g˺g]a	(Sp. 'pulga or purga', 'larga')
/l/ or /r/ + /p/	>	/d/ + /p/:	[b˺p]	cu[b˺p]a, cue[b˺p]o	(Sp. 'culpa', 'cuerpo')
/l/ or /r/ + /t/	>	/d/ + /t/:	[d˺t]	sue[d˺t]e, co[d˺t]a	(Sp. 'suelte o suerte', 'corta')
/l/ or /r/ + /ʧ/	>	/d/ + /ʧ/:	[d˺ʧ]	co[d˺ʧ]a, ma[d˺ʧ]arse	(Sp. 'colcha o corcha', 'marcharse')
/l/ or /r/ + /k/	>	/d/ + /k/:	[g˺k]	vo[g˺k]ar, ba[g˺k]o	(Sp. 'volcar', 'barco')
/l/ or /r/ + /m/	>	/d/ + /m/:	[mm]	ca[mm]a, a[mm]a	(Sp. 'calma', 'alma o arma')
/l/ or /r/ + /n/	>	/d/ + /n/:	[nn]	pie[nn]a, ba[nn]eario	(Sp. 'pierna', 'balneario')
/l/ or /r/ + /l/	>	/d/ + /l/:	[ll]	bu[ll]a, cha[ll]a	(Sp. 'burla', 'charla')
/l/ or /r/ + /r/	>	/d/ + /r/:	[r]	a[r]ededor	(Sp. 'alrededor')

Morphology and syntax

Cuban Spanish typically uses the diminutive endings -ico and -ica (instead of the standard -ito and -ita) with stems that end in Шаблон:IPA. For example, plato ("plate") > platico (instead of platito), and momentico instead of momentito; but cara ("face") becomes carita. This form is common to the Venezuelan, Cuban, Costa Rican, Dominican, and Colombian dialects.

The suffix -ero is often used with a place name to refer to a person from that place; thus habanero, guantanamera, etc. A person from Santiago de Cuba is santiaguero (compare santiagués "from Santiago de Compostela (Galicia, Spain)", santiaguino "from Santiago de Chile").

Wh-questions, when the subject is a pronoun, are usually not inverted. Where speakers of most other varieties of Spanish would ask "¿Qué quieres?" or "¿Qué quieres tú?", Cuban speakers would more often ask "¿Qué tú quieres?" (This form is also characteristic of Dominican, Isleño, and Puerto Rican Spanish.)

Cuban Spanish also frequently uses expressions with personal infinitives, a combined preposition, noun or pronoun, and verbal infinitive where speakers in other dialects would typically use a conjugated subjunctive form. For example, Шаблон:Lang, instead of Шаблон:Lang 'that happened before I arrived here'. This type of construction is found elsewhere in the Caribbean and occurs in all speech styles.

Cuban Spanish uses the familiar second-person pronoun Шаблон:Lang in many contexts where other varieties of Spanish would use the formal Шаблон:Lang. While Cuban Spanish has always preferred Шаблон:Lang to Шаблон:Lang, the use of Шаблон:Lang has become increasingly rare after the Revolution. Voseo is practically non-existent in Cuba. It was historically present in the countryside of eastern Cuba. Pedro Henríquez Ureña alleged that it often used the object and possessive pronouns Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang instead of Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang. Its present-tense conjugations ending in Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang, and future-tense conjugations in Шаблон:Lang.

In keeping with the socialist polity of the country, the term Шаблон:Lang ("comrade" or "friend") is often used instead of the traditional señor/señora. However, Шаблон:Harvcoltxt states that the term Шаблон:Lang has failed to enter the popular language, and is rejected by many Cubans opposed to the current regime, citing a misunderstanding with a Cuban who refused to be addressed as Шаблон:Lang.

See also

• Spanish dialects and varieties

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Citation
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Citation
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Citation
• Шаблон:Cite book

External links

• Cuba language
• Learn Cuban SpanishШаблон:Dead link
• Cuban Spanish 101
• Cuban Spanish Guide
• Learn Spanish and Cuban Slang