Английская Википедия:Cupeño language

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Шаблон:Short descriptionШаблон:Copy editШаблон:Infobox language

The Cupeño is an extinct Uto-Aztecan language, formerly spoken by the Cupeño people of Southern California, United States.

Roscinda Nolasquez (d. 1987) was the last native speaker of Cupeño.[1] The Cupeño people now speak English. The native name Kupangaxwicham means 'people from the sleeping place' referring to their traditional homeland, prior to 1902, of Ktipa (at the base of Warner's Hot Springs).[2][3] A smaller village was located to the south of Ktipa, named Wildkalpa.

Throughout the 1890s it was debated whether or not the Cupeño peoples should be allowed to continue living on traditional Cupeño territory.[2] After many years of public protests the California Supreme Court decided to relocate the Cupeño people to the Pala Reservation.[2][3]Шаблон:When

Cupeño has linguistic influence from both the languages that preceded it and the Yuman-speaking Ipai, who share their southern border.[2]

Region

The language was originally spoken in Cupa, Wilaqalpa, and Paluqla, San Diego County, California, and later around the Pala Indian Reservation.

Morphology

Cupeño is an agglutinative language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together. Cupeño is dominantly head-final, with a mostly strict word order (SOV)[1] for some constituents, e.g. genitive-noun constructions. But some contexts allow departure from the SOV word order, this may include shifting verbs to be the initial part of a sentence or moving arguments to follow verbs.[1]

Nouns

Nouns (as well as demonstratives, determiners, quantifiers, and adjectives) in Cupeño are marked for case and number and agree with each other in complex nominal constructions.[1]

Verbs

Cupeño inflects its verbs for transitivity, tense, aspect, mood, person, number, and evidentiality.

Evidentiality is expressed in Cupeño with clitics, which generally appear near the beginning of the sentence. =kuʼut 'reportative' (mu=kuʼut 'and it is said that...') =am 'mirative' =$he 'dubitative'

There are two inflected moods, realis =pe and irrealis =eʼp.

Tense-Aspect system

Future simple verbs are unmarked. Past simple verbs have past-tense pronouns; past imperfect add the imperfect modifier shown below.

Present Imperfect Fut. Imp Customary
Singular -qa -qal -nash -ne
Plural -we -wen -wene -wene

Pronouns

The pronominals of Cupeño appear in many different forms and structures. The following appear attached only to past-tense verbs.

Singular Plural
1st person ne- chem-
2nd person e- em-
3rd person pe- pem-

Phonology

Vowels

Front Central Back
High Шаблон:IPA link, Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link, Шаблон:IPA link
Mid Шаблон:IPA link, Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link, Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link, Шаблон:IPA link
Low Шаблон:IPA link, Шаблон:IPA link

Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA appear largely in Spanish loanwords, but also as allophones of Шаблон:IPA in native Cupeño words.

Шаблон:IPA can also be realized as Шаблон:IPAblink in closed syllables, and Шаблон:IPAblink in some open syllables.

Шаблон:IPA may reduce to schwa in unstressed syllables.

Шаблон:IPA also appears as Шаблон:IPAblink when long and stressed, Шаблон:IPAblink after labials and Шаблон:IPA, and as Шаблон:IPAblink before Шаблон:IPA.

Шаблон:IPA is also realized as Шаблон:IPAblink before uvulars.

Consonants

Bilabial Coronal Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
laminal apical plain labial.
Nasal Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
Plosive Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlinkШаблон:IPAlinkШаблон:Efn Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlinkШаблон:Efn Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
Fricative voiceless Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink ~ Шаблон:IPAlinkШаблон:Efn Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
voiced Шаблон:IPAlinkШаблон:Efn Шаблон:IPAlinkШаблон:Efn Шаблон:IPAlink
Approximant Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
Lateral Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
Trill Шаблон:IPAlinkШаблон:Efn

Шаблон:Notelist

Lexicon

English words and Cupeño counterparts[4]
English Cupeño
one suplawut
two wiʼ
three pa
four wichu
five numaqananax
man naxanis
woman muwikut
sun tamyut
moon munil
water pal

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Uto-Aztecan languages Шаблон:Languages of California


Шаблон:IndigenousAmerican-lang-stub