Английская Википедия:Cygnus OB2-12

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Cygnus OB2 #12 is an extremely luminous blue hypergiant with an absolute bolometric magnitude (all electromagnetic radiation) of −10.9, among the most luminous stars known in the galaxy. This makes the star nearly two million times more luminous than the Sun, although estimates were even higher when the star was first discovered. It is now known to be a binary, with the companion approximately a tenth as bright. A very approximate initial estimate of the orbit gives the total system mass as Шаблон:Solar mass and the period as 30 years.

Cygnus OB2

Cygnus OB2 #12 is generally assumed to be a member of the Cyg OB2 Association, a cluster of young massive stars about Шаблон:Convert away in Cygnus, and resides in a region of the Milky Way from which visible light is heavily absorbed by interstellar dust when viewed from Earth. The dust causes the star to be strongly reddened despite being an intrinsically hot and blue star, hence it has been extensively studied in the infra-red. Were it not for the dust extinction, the star would have a visual magnitude about 1.5, nearly as bright as Deneb (Alpha Cygni), but because of the dust the observed visual magnitude is 11.4 so that it requires binoculars or a small telescope to be seen.

There are several fainter stars around Cygnus OB2 #12, thought to comprise a small cluster. Two stars are only resolved by speckle interferometry. One is thought to be a main sequence B star in a 100–200 year orbit. It is 2.3 magnitudes fainter than the primary star and 0.063" away. The other is 4.8 magnitudes fainter and about an arc-second distant. No spectroscopic companion could be detected in the spectrum. However, analysis of x-ray emission suggests that there may be a hot luminous companion in a close orbit, with their colliding winds creating the x-rays.

Distance

The Gaia Data Release 2 parallax for Cygnus OB2 #12 indicated a distance around Шаблон:Val, which was inconsistent with the distance of other Cygnus OB2 members. However, the result included a significant amount of noise suggesting that it may have been inaccurate. Earlier measures of the parallax were too imprecise to be meaningful. If the closer distance were accepted then the star would be a more conventional blue supergiant with a luminosity around Шаблон:Solar luminosity, a radius of Шаблон:Solar radius, and a current mass of Шаблон:Solar mass.

The later Gaia Data Release 3 is more precise and indicates a distance around Шаблон:Val, more consistent with estimates of the distance to Cygnus OB2, although there is still a significant amount of astrometric noise. Using the distance provided by Gaia EDR3 implies a luminosity of only about Шаблон:Solar luminosity, a radius of about Шаблон:Solar radius, and a mass much lower than the currently accepted Шаблон:Solar mass. This would put the star’s luminosity below the Humphreys-Davidson limit.

Properties

Файл:Schulte 12.jpg

UKIDSS near-infrared image of Cygnus OB2 #12

Cygnus OB2 #12 is a candidate luminous blue variable (LBV). Its position in the HR diagram, luminosity, and spectrum all classify it as an LBV. It shows brightness variations of a few tenths of a magnitude, but these do not seem to be associated with colour changes that would be expected from an LBV. The spectral type has varied slightly since its discovery, but not to the extent that would be normal for an LBV. If the lower Gaia DR2 distance were correct then the properties of Cygnus OB2 #12 would mean it would be expected to pulsate at low amplitude with a period of a few days.

See also

• List of most massive stars

External links

• Online Astronomy: The Brightest Stars
• Tim Thompson: OB2-12
• http://jumk.de/astronomie/big-stars/cygnus-ob2-12.shtml