Английская Википедия:Cymbidium

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:Automatic taxobox

Cymbidium Шаблон:IPAc-en,[1] commonly known as boat orchids, is a genus of evergreen flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are epiphytic, lithophytic, terrestrial or rarely leafless saprophytic herbs usually with pseudobulbs. There are usually between three and twelve leaves arranged in two ranks on each pseudobulb or shoot and lasting for several years. From one to a large number of flowers are arranged on an unbranched flowering stem arising from the base of the pseudobulb. The sepals and petals are all free from and similar to each other. The labellum is significantly different from the other petals and the sepals and has three lobes. There are about fifty-five species and sixteen further natural hybrids occurring in the wild from tropical and subtropical Asia to Australia. Cymbidiums are well known in horticulture and many cultivars have been developed. The genome of Cymbidium mannii has been sequenced to study epiphytism and crassulacean acid metabolism.[2]

Description

Plants in the genus Cymbidium are epiphytic, lithophytic or terrestrial plants, or rarely leafless saprophytes. All are sympodial evergreen herbs. Some species have thin stems but in most species the stems are modified as pseudobulbs. When present, there are from three to twelve leaves arrange in two ranks and last for several years. The leaf bases remain after the leaf has withered, forming a sheath around the pseudobulb. The flowers are arranged on an unbranched flowering stem which arises from the base of the pseudobulb or rarely from a leaf axil. The sepals and petals are usually thin and fleshy, free from, and more or less similar to each other. The labellum (as in other orchids, a highly modified third petal) is significantly different from the other petals and sepals. It is sometimes hinged to the column, or otherwise fused to it. The labellum has three lobes, the side lobes erect, sometimes surrounding the column and the middle lobe often curving downwards. After pollination a glabrous capsule containing many light coloured seeds is produced.[3][4][5]

Taxonomy and naming

The genus Cymbidium was first formally described in 1799 by Olof Swartz who published the description in Nova acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis based on the description of Epidendrum aloifolium L. (Cymbidium aloifolium).[6][7][8] The genus name Cymbidium is derived from the Latin word cymba meaning "cup" "bowl" or "boat"[9]Шаблон:Rp with the diminutive suffix -idium,[9]Шаблон:Rp hence "little boat", apparently in reference to the shape of the labellum in some species.[5]

In 1848 Blume raised the genus Cyperorchis in Fedde's Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis and moved 19 species and 26 hybrids previously included in Cymbidium to the new genus.[10] In 1984 Christopher Seth and Phillip Cribb divided the genus into three subgenera Cyperorchis, Jensoa, and Cymbidium and each subgenus into sections. In 1988, Dupuy and Cribb modified the sections.[6] The three subgenera were confirmed by molecular phylogeny, however the sections did not show monophyly.[11][12]

Species

The following is a list of Cymbidium species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of April 2022 separated into subgenera:[13]

Subgenus Cymbidium

Plants in this subgenus have two pollinia, each deeply cleft with callus ridges[6]

Section Image Name Distribution Elevation (m)
Section Cymbidium[6] Файл:Cymbidium aloifolium.jpg Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. 1799 Guangdong, Hong Kong, China; Bangladesh; eastern Himalayas; Assam. India and Andaman Islands; Nepal; Sri Lanka; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; Malaysia; Java and Sumatra Шаблон:Convert
Файл:Cymbidium atropurpurea (2944479728).jpg Cymbidium atropurpureum (Lindl.) Rolfe 1903 Thailand, Central Malaysia, Vietnam, Borneo, Sumatra and the Philippines Шаблон:Convert
Файл:硬葉蘭 Cymbidium bicolor -香港嘉道理農場 Kadoorie Farm, Hong Kong- (9261991972).jpg Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. 1833 Southern China, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Sumatra and the Philippines Шаблон:Convert
Файл:Plant Orchid Cymbidium finlaysonium P1110626 01.jpg Cymbidium finlaysonianum Wall. ex Lindl. 1833 Indo-China to Malaysia (Malaya, Sumatra) and on to the Philippines Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium puerense Z.J.Liu & S.R.Lan 2018 China (Yunnan) Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium rectum Ridl. 1920 S. Thailand, Malaysia, N. Borneo(Sabah) Шаблон:Convert
Section Austrocymbidium Шаблон:Small[11] Файл:Cymbidium canaliculatum var. sparkesii (6475017029).jpg Cymbidium canaliculatum R.Br. 1810 N. & E. Australia Шаблон:Convert
Файл:Cymbidium chloranthum fma. alba (Palawan, Philippines) Lindl., Edwards's Bot. Reg. 29(Misc.)- 68 (1843) (35834923066).jpg Cymbidium chloranthum Lindl. 1843 Taiwan, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo and Java Шаблон:Convert
Файл:Cymbidium madidum2.jpg Cymbidium madidum Lindl. 1840 eastern Australia Шаблон:Convert
Файл:Cymbidium suave (6475018163).jpg Cymbidium suave R.Br. 1810 E. Australia Шаблон:Convert
Section Himantophyllum Шаблон:Small[6] Файл:Cymbidium dayanum1.jpg Cymbidium dayanum Rchb.f 1869 Assam, India; eastern Himalayas; Sikkim; Thailand; Cambodia; Taiwan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, China; Vietnam; Borneo; Malaysia; the Philippines; Sulawesi; Sumatra; Ryukyu Islands and Japan Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium lii M.Z.Huang, J.M.Yin & G.S.Yang 2017 Hainan China Шаблон:Convert[14]
Section Floribundum Шаблон:Small[11] Cymbidium dianlan H.He 2019 Yunnan Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium elongatum J.J. Wood, Du Puy & Shim 1988 Borneo(Sarawak and Sabah) Шаблон:Convert
Файл:Cymbidium-floribundum.jpg Cymbidium floribundum (Rolfe) Y.S. Wu & S.C. Chen 1980 Yunnan China, Taiwan, and Vietnam Шаблон:Convert
Файл:Cymbidium hartinahianum (Anggrek Tien Soeharto) (cropped).jpg Cymbidium hartinahianum J.B.Comber & Nasution 1978 N. Sumatra Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium suavissimum Sander ex C.H.Curtis 1928 Myanmar, Guizhou and Yunnan China and Vietnam Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium viride Kumar 2018 Assam Шаблон:Convert
Section Bigibbarium Шаблон:Small Файл:A and B Larsen orchids - Cymbidium devonianum DSCN8787.JPG Cymbidium devonianum Paxton 1843 Assam and Meghalaya India, China(Yunnan), Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam Шаблон:Convert
Section Repens Cymbidium repens Aver. & Q.T.Phan 2016 Hoa Binh, Vietnam Шаблон:Convert[15]

Subgenus Cyperorchis

Plants in subgenus Cyberorchis have lips fused at the base to the base of the column.[6]

Section Image Name Distribution Elevation (m)
Section Annamaea Шаблон:Small[12] Файл:Cymbidium erythrostylum Orchi 028.jpg Cymbidium erythrostylum Rolfe 1905 Vietnam Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium wenshanense Y.S.Wu & F.Y.Liu 1990 Yunnan, China and northern Vietnam Шаблон:Convert
Section Cyperorchis Шаблон:Small[12] Cymbidium codonanthum Yuting Jiang, Liang Ma & S.Chen 2020 Yunnan, China Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium cochleare Lindl. 1858 Taiwan; Assam, Sikkim, India; Bhutan; Myanmar Шаблон:Convert
Файл:莎草蘭 Cymbidium elegans -昆明金殿植物園 Kunming YuanLin Botanic Gardens, China- (9213322721).jpg Cymbidium elegans Lindl. 1828 Yunnan, Xizang, China; Assam, India, eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, and Myanmar. Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium sigmoideum J.J.Sm. 1907 Malaysia, Borneo, Java and Sumatra Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium whiteae King & Pantl. 1898 India (Sikkim) Шаблон:Convert
Section EburneaШаблон:Small[12] Cymbidium banaense Gagnep. 1951 Vietnam Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium changningense Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2005 Yunnan, China Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium concinnum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2006[16] Yunnan, China Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium daweishanense G.Q.Zhang & Z.J.Liu 2018 Yunnan, China Шаблон:Convert
Файл:Cymbidium eburneum var. longzhouense Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 44 179 (2006) (49750191441).jpg Cymbidium eburneum Lindl. 1847 Assam India, eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Myanmar, Yunnan China and Vietnam Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium mastersii Griff. ex Lindl. 1845 Assam India, Bhutan, Myanmar, northern Thailand and China Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium jiangchengense Ying L.Peng, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liu 2019 Yunnan, China Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium maguanense F.Y.Liu 1996 Southeastern Yunnan, China Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium parishii Rchb. f. 1874 Myanmar Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium roseum J.J.Sm. 1905 Malayasian peninsula, Java and Sumatra Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium wadae T.Yukawa 2002 Thailand
Section Iridorchis Шаблон:Small[12] Файл:Cymbidium erythraeum Orchi 014.jpg Cymbidium erythraeum Lindl. 1859 Kumaon, Sikkim, and Assam states of India; Nepal; Bhutan; Myanmar; Yunnan, Sichuan, and Xizang China; and Vietnam Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium gaoligongense Z.J.Liu & J.Yong Zhang 2003 Yunnan, China Шаблон:Convert
Файл:Cymbidium hookerianum 2.jpg Cymbidium hookerianum Rchb.f. Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim & Assam India, and Xizang China Шаблон:Convert
Файл:Cymbidium insigne 6zz.jpg Cymbidium insigne Rolfe 1904 Thailand, Vietnam and Hainan China Шаблон:Convert
Файл:Cymbidium iridioides.jpg Cymbidium iridioides D. Don 1825 Xizang, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Yunnan provinces of China; Kumaon, Assam, Sikkim, and Meghalaya states of India; Bhutan; Nepal; Myanmar; and Vietnam Шаблон:Convert
Файл:Flickr - brewbooks - i110405 051.jpg Cymbidium lowianum (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f. 1879 Burma, Thailand, Yunnan China and Vietnam Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium sanderae Sander ex Rolfe 1904 Vietnam Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium seidenfadenii (P.J.Cribb & Du Puy) P.J.Cribb 2014 Thailand Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium schroederi Rolfe 1905 Yunnan China, Vietnam Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium sichuanicum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2006 Sichuan, China Шаблон:Convert
Файл:Cymbidium tracyanum 001 GotBot 2016.jpg Cymbidium tracyanum Rolfe 1890 China, Thailand and Myanmar Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium wilsonii (Rolfe ex De Cock) Rolfe 1904 Southern Yunnan, China and Vietnam
Section Parishiella Шаблон:Small[6] Файл:斑舌蘭 Cymbidium tigrinum -比利時國家植物園 Belgium National Botanic Garden- (9255190958).jpg Cymbidium tigrinum Parish ex Hook. f. 1864 West Yunnan China, Myanmar and Assam India Шаблон:Convert

Subgenus Jensoa

Plants in this subgenus have four pollinia, in two unequal pairs; lips attached to the base of the column,[6]

Section Image Name Distribution Elevation (m)
Section Axillaria Шаблон:Small[12] Cymbidium cyperifolium Lindl. 1833 Nepal, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan China Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium shidianense G.Z.Chen, G.Q.Zhang & L.J.Chen 2019 China (Yunnan) Шаблон:Convert
Section Borneense Шаблон:Small[12] Файл:Cymbidium aliciae Quisumb., Philipp. J. Sci. 72 486 (1940) (30964049178).jpg Cymbidium aliciae Quisumb 1940 Sulawesi and the Philippines (Luzon, Negro Islands and Nueva Vazcaya) Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium borneense J.J. Wood 1983 Borneo(Sarawak and Sabah) Шаблон:Convert
Section Geocymbidium Шаблон:Small[12] Cymbidium biflorens D.Y.Zhang, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liu 2020 Yunnan China
Файл:Cymbidium lancifolium var. aspidistrifolium (Fukuy.) S.S.Ying, Coloured Ill. Indig. Orchids Taiwan 1(2) 439 (1977). (50820511723).jpg Cymbidium lancifolium Hook. 1823 Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, China, Korea, Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Borneo, Java Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra and New Guinea Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium recurvatum Z.J.Liu, S.C.Chen & P.J.Cribb 2009 Yunnan China Шаблон:Convert
Section Jensoa Шаблон:Small[12] Cymbidium acuminatum M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones 1996 New Guinea Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium defoliatum Y.S.Wu & S.C.Chen 1991 Fujian, Guizhou, Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China Шаблон:Convert
Файл:四季桃嬌 Cymbidium ensifolium 'Peach Charm' -香港沙田國蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (12167965154).jpg Cymbidium ensifolium [L]Swartz 1799 Japan, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Hong Kong to Sumatra and Java Шаблон:Convert
Файл:春蘭朵香黄花 Cymbidium goeringii v forrestii 'Yellow' -香港沙田國蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (12317104044).jpg Cymbidium goeringii [Rchb.f]Rchb.f 1864 India, Bhutan, China, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Japan and Korea Шаблон:Convert
Файл:Cymbidium haematodes '-200201' Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 162 (1833) (50004675837).jpg Cymbidium haematodes Lindl. 1833 Hainan and Yunnan provinces of China, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Indonesia and New Guinea Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium induratifolium Z.J.Liu & J.N.Zhang 1998 Vietnam
Файл:寒蘭武夷山蘭 Cymbidium kanran 'Wu-Yi-Shan' -香港沙田國蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (12304130513).jpg Cymbidium kanran Makino 1902 Taiwan, Guangdong, Gunagxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Hainan Island provinces of China; Honshu and the Ryuku Islands, Japan; and South Korea Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium longipes Z.J.Liu & J.N.Zhang 1998 Vietnam
Cymbidium micranthum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2004 Yunnan, China Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium munronianum King & Pantl. 1895 Assam India
Cymbidium omeiense Y.S.Wu & S.C.Chen 1966 Sichuan China
Cymbidium qiubeiense K.M.Feng & H.Li 1980 Yunnan and Guangxi provinces of China Шаблон:Convert
Файл:Cymbidium sinense 'Yamagawa Hosai' (Andrews) Willd.- Sp. Pl.- ed. 4- 4- 111 (1805). 20220206 222353.jpg Cymbidium sinense (Andrews) Willd.1805 Guangdong, Hainan，Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Southern Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan provinces of China and Northern Vietnam. Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium tamphianum Aver. 2018 Lam Dong, Vietnam Шаблон:Convert
Section Nanula Шаблон:Small[12] Cymbidium atrolabium X.Y.Liao, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liy 2019 Yunnan China Шаблон:Convert
Файл:綠蕙 Cymbidium faberi -香港沙田洋蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (16945121795).jpg Cymbidium faberi Rolfe 1896 Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang provinces of China; Taiwan; Шаблон:Convert
Файл:珍珠矮 Cymbidium nanulum -香港青松觀蘭花展 Tuen Mun, Hong Kong- (9252405607).jpg Cymbidium nanulum Y.S.Wu & S.C.Chen 2017 Yunnan, Guizhou, Hainan provinces of China
Cymbidium purpureisepalum M.J.Zhu & S.R.Lan 2022 Yunnan China Шаблон:Convert
Файл:Cymbidium goeringii s2.jpg Cymbidium serratum Schltr. 1919 Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan provinces of China; Taiwan Шаблон:Convert
Cymbidium teretipetiolatum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2002 Yunnan China Шаблон:Convert
Файл:Cymbidium tortisepalum 菅草蘭 (33355964721).jpg Cymbidium tortisepalum Fukuy. 1934 Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan provinces of China; Taiwan Шаблон:Convert
Section Pachyrhizanthe Шаблон:Small[12] Файл:Mayaran.jpg Cymbidium macrorhizon Lindl. 1833 Pakistan, the Chinese Himalayas, Assam, the eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands and Korea Шаблон:Convert

Natural Hybrids

Distribution

This genus is distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia (such as northern India, China, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Borneo) and Australia.[17] The large flowering species from which the large flowering hybrids are derived usually grow at low altitudes, while short leaved species, from which compact hybrids with small to medium size flowers are derived, are high altitudes lithophytes and epiphytes.[6]

Uses

Use in horticulture

Cymbidium (abbreviated Cym. in the horticultural trade[18]) orchids are among the oldest horticultural orchids in the world and were mentioned in a manuscript from the Jin dynasty from about 200 BCE and by Confucius. Today they are among the most popular orchid genera in cultivation. They have decorative flowers spikes and are one of the least demanding indoor orchids. To flower well they need a distinct difference between day and night temperatures in late summer. Plants need to remain outside in autumn until night temperatures drop to near Шаблон:Cvt.[19][20][21]

Cymbidiums have few pests or diseases but can be affected by aphids, spider mites and viral diseases.[21]

Use in cooking

The species Cymbidium hookerianum is considered a delicacy in Bhutan, where it is traditionally cooked in a spicy curry or stew and called "olatshe" or "olachoto".[22]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

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  1. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 6,6 6,7 6,8 Cribb, P and du Puy, D The Genus Cymbidium Kew Publishing Шаблон:ISBN, 2007.
  7. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок WCSP не указан текст
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
  12. ↑ 12,00 12,01 12,02 12,03 12,04 12,05 12,06 12,07 12,08 12,09 12,10 Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Alphabetical List of Standard Abbreviations for Natural and Hybrid Generic Names, Royal Horticultural Society, 2017 https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/orchid-name-abbreviations-list.pdf
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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