Английская Википедия:Cymenshore

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Coord Cymenshore was a place in Southern England where, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Ælle of Sussex landed in AD 477 and battled the Britons with his three sons Cymen, Wlencing and Cissa,Шаблон:Sfn after the first of whom Cymenshore was held to have been named. The spelling Cymenshore is a scholarly modernisation of the Old English Шаблон:Lang, which is now lost. Its location is unclear but was probably near Selsey.

Etymology

The earliest surviving manuscript to contain the name is the late ninth-century Manuscript A of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which gives it in the form Cymenesora. Outside the Chronicle, what is generally believed to be the same name is next attested in a thirteenth-century manuscript: this includes a copy of a charter adapted from a charter issued in 957, which gives the form on Cymeneres horanШаблон:Sfn and also a copy of a forged charter purporting to date from 673 but perhaps originally composed in the tenth century, which gives the form in Cumeneshore.Шаблон:Sfn These and other spellings in late manuscripts (Cymensora, Cumenshore and Cimeneres horan) are generally accepted by scholars to derive from an Old English place-name, now lost, whose Old English form was Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn

The first element of Шаблон:Lang is thought to be an Old English personal name that in proto-Old English would have had the form *Cȳmīn, deriving from the same root as the later Old English adjective Шаблон:Lang ("handsome, comely") combined with the diminutive suffix *-īn, in the genitive case. Although in early Old English this name took the form *Cȳmīn, by the eighth century, the -n had been lost: the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle talks about a person called Cymen not because that was a form of the name current in the ninth century (the form then current was Шаблон:Lang) but because a scribe inferred the form of the person's name from the more archaic place-name.Шаблон:Sfn

Like several other Old English words that are found in place-names (prominently Шаблон:Lang from Latin Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang from Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang from Шаблон:Lang), the second element of Шаблон:Lang is an Old English word that was probably a loan-word from Latin. The Latin word ōra meant "border, brim, edge, margin, end, boundary", and was used amongst other things to denote coastline.Шаблон:Sfn In Old English, this word had two quite different senses: "shore, foreshore" and (possibly deriving from the former meaning) "a hill shaped like an upturned canoe, featuring a long tract of flat land along the top, with a rounded shoulder at one or both ends".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It is possible that the stretch of low ground along the coast from Southampton to Bognor was called ōra "the shore", and that district names including that word were used by the various coastal settlements, such as Ower near Southampton, Rowner near Gosport, Copnor in Portsmouth, Marker in West Thorney, Itchenor, Chalder Farm, Keynor Farm, Honer in Pagham, Bognor—and potentially Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn

Role in foundation myths

Файл:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle - kymen (British Library Cotton MS Tiberius A VI, folio 4r).jpg
A mention of Cymen, Ælle's son, in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

The account of Ælle and his three sons landing at Cymenshore in 477 appears in the common stock of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a body of material compiled and composed in the ninth century, some 400 years or more after the supposed events.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The legendary foundation of Saxon Sussex, by Ælle, is likely to have originated in an oral tradition before being recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:EfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to the Chronicle, Cymenshore is named after Cymen, one of Ælle's sons;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn some historians, however, have concluded that this figure was invented by scholars in the Chronicle tradition from the place-name and that the actions attributed to him have no historical basis.Шаблон:Sfn

From the collapse of Roman administration in Britain until the embedding of Christianity among the English during the seventh century, there is a dearth of surviving written material.Шаблон:Sfn This lack of primary sources has made it difficult for historians to verify or disprove the Chronicle's account of Ælle's invasion.Шаблон:Sfn The preservation of Ælle's sons in Old English place names is unusual. The names of some founding figures in other origin legends in the Chronicle seem to come from Brittonic. It is likely that the foundation stories were known before the ninth century, but that annalists manipulated them to provide a common origin for ninth-century Wessex. These myths purport that the British were defeated and replaced by invading Anglo-Saxons arriving in small ships. These origin stories were largely believed right up to the nineteenth century.Шаблон:Sfn

Location

Файл:Jetty Remains, Pagham Harbour - geograph.org.uk - 501371.jpg
Remains of jetty at Wytherings location(grid reference SZ8797)

The location for Шаблон:Lang is traditionally identified with Selsey Bill, a tradition based on a place called Шаблон:Lang in the boundary clause of an Anglo-Saxon charter. There is no archaeological or historical evidence for the settlement, of Anglo-Saxons, in the Selsey/Chichester area before the sixth century. Archaeological evidence does support the settlement of Saxons in East Sussex during the fifth century and Jutish settlement, also datable to the fifth century, West of Chichester, in neighbouring Hampshire around the Meon Valley.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Evidence for Selsey area

Файл:Waghenaer1583.JPG
Section of 1583 Dutch map showing Rumbridge (Weenbrug).Шаблон:Sfn

The Selsey area, is traditionally the most popular candidate for Cymenshore. The tradition is based largely on two charters that refer to a place with a similar name in the boundary clause to that cited in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The charter that defined the land award to Wilfrid at Selsey, in the 7th century, by King Caedwalla is actually a 10th-century forgeryШаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn The relevant section of the forged charter, says (in Latin):

Шаблон:Blockquote

and the translation is:

Шаблон:Blockquote

A further source is from the Charter of Byrhthelm (presumably Brihthelm, bishop of Selsey), which is believed to be genuine and is to do with some land that had been seized from the See of Selsey, it confirms that the boundary is from Wytherings MouthШаблон:Efn and Cymenshoran in the east to Hormouth in the west:

Шаблон:Blockquote Шаблон:Blockquote

Rumbruge/Rumbridge (alias "thri beorg" – three barrows, now the Medmerry Bank) is believed to have been an islet and trading port off the southwest coast of the Manhood Peninsula, that has long since succumbed to the sea and Wytherings mouth was part of what is now Pagham Harbour.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

The Owers

Just off the tip of Selsey Bill, to approximately Шаблон:Convert SSE, are groups of ledges and rocks known as the Owers. Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn

Файл:Cymenshore.JPG
The Owers showing possible location for Cymenshore

Outer and Middle Owers

Some historians such as Hunter-Blair identify the Outer Owers and Middle Owers as the landing place for Ælle.Шаблон:Sfn This is problematic, however, as according to SCOPAC the coastal erosion pattern means that this section of the Owers would not have been part of the shoreline for at least 5000 years.Шаблон:Efn The Outer Owers are approximately Шаблон:Convert off Selsey Bill and the erosion pattern suggests that the shore would have been Шаблон:Convert seaward 5000 years ago.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The Mixon

Файл:P228cambden.jpg
Camden's description of Selsey and the ancient little CityШаблон:Efn

To the south of Selsey Bill lies the Mixon rocks.Шаблон:Sfn

Selsey Bill was part of the Chichester Iron-Age Шаблон:Lang. The centre was superseded by the Romano-British Belgic tribal civitas at Chichester. Evidence for Selsey’s past importance is provided by the many Atrebatean coins that have been discovered along the Selsey shoreline over the years. The quantity of coins and the discovery of waste gold found have suggested that there was a tribal mint at Selsey, the only other mint for this tribe was at Silchester.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

As the Mixon, south of Selsey Bill, would have been within the old oppidum's territory, W.A.R. Richardson speculates that it could be the site of Cidade Celha (the Old City) and therefore Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn The archaeological evidence demonstrates that the Mixon would have been the shoreline during the Roman occupation, with it not being breached by the sea until the 10th or 11th century.Шаблон:Efn As late as the 17th century, it was reported that the remains of the "ancient little city" could be seen at low tide.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Keynor

The Manor of Keynor is situated at the western end of Pagham Harbour.Шаблон:Sfn Selsey-based historians Edward Heron-Allen and Francis Mee favour the Keynor area of Sidlesham for Cymenshore; they suggest that the name Keynor is derived from Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn However, Margaret Gelling asserts that Keyn-or actually means Cow-Shore in Old English.Шаблон:Sfn

Pagham Harbour

Pagham Harbour currently is a nature reserve, however in earlier times was a working harbour with three ports, one at the western end at Sidlesham Mill known as Wardur, one at the entrance to the harbour known as Charlton and one on the Pagham side known as the Port of Wythering (Wyderinges).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The port of Wardur was part of 'New Haven' a development in the Middle Ages.Шаблон:Sfn The Port of Wythering was overrun by the sea in the 13th century and the whole harbour eventually silted up and ceased to be navigable, except for small craft.Шаблон:Sfn

West Wittering

West Wittering has been cited by some early cartographers and historians as the site for Cymenshore. For example in his Britannia Camden said: Шаблон:Blockquote Also Morden's map of 1695 shows Cimenshore being adjacent to the Witterings.

Файл:Morden1695.JPG
Section of 1695 map of Sussex showing location of Cymenshore (spelt Cimenshore on map)

However, other historians have posited that siting Cymenshore off West Wittering as mistaken and was probably due to a mistranslation of the charter.Шаблон:Sfn The charter itself, in the original early English describes part of the boundary of the land as .. Wedering muðe.. (Wedering mouth).Шаблон:Sfn Wedering was the port of Withering a village, now lost, at the entrance to what is now Pagham Harbour. It is possible that earlier historians had translated Wedering incorrectly, as Wittering.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Other possible locations

Ouse-Cuckmere

Welch believes that the location for Cymenshore is more likely to be in the Ouse-Cuckmere area of East Sussex, his reasoning is that there is no archaeological evidence to support a landing at Selsey.Шаблон:Sfn However Richardson states that the place names with the Old English ora element of Cymensora are very common along the Hampshire and West Sussex coastline but not around the Ouse-Cuckmere area.Шаблон:Sfn There is also a suggestion that the archaeology off the Selsey coast has just not been fully realised yet.Шаблон:Efn

Shoreham

Shoreham has also been cited as a possible location, for example in 1906 Hilaire Belloc in his Hills and the Sea when discussing St Wilfrid he said: Шаблон:Blockquote

Historical context

Файл:Swilfrid1.jpg
Later engraving of a picture commissioned in 1519 showing Cædwalla confirming a grant of land, at Selsey, to Wilfrid. The position of the presentation is probably where the Mixon is today, based on the location of the church (at Church Norton) in the top left of picture.Шаблон:Sfn

Jutish settlements

Towards the end of the Roman occupation of England, raids on the east coast became more intense and the expedient adopted by Romano-British leaders was to enlist the help of mercenaries to whom they ceded territory. It is thought that mercenaries may have started arriving in Sussex as early as the fifth century.Шаблон:Sfn Richard Coates has suggested that the Germanic invaders would previously have traded in the area and probably would have been familiar with the term and eventually use it by preference.Шаблон:Sfn

J. E. A. Jolliffe compared agricultural and farming practices across fifth-century Sussex to that of fifth-century Kent. He suggested that the Kentish system underlay the fifth-century farming practices of Sussex. He hypothesised that Sussex was probably settled by Jutes before the arrival of the Saxons, with Jutish territory stretching from Kent to the New Forest.Шаблон:Sfn

The Anglo Saxon Chronicle claims that Ælle and his forces landed at Cymenshore and then travelled east and arrived at Beachy Head in 485, where they apparently broke through an agreed river border, the Mercreadesburne.Шаблон:Sfn The north Solent coast had been a trading area since Roman times. The old Roman roads from SidleshamШаблон:Efn to Chichester and from Chichester to Winchester would have provided access to the Jutish settlements in Hampshire.Шаблон:Efn It is therefore more likely that the Germanic people arriving in the fifth century would have been directed to the north of the ōra, and into Southampton Water. From there into the mouth of the Meon valley and would have been allowed to settle near the existing Romano-British people.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Multiple image

Archaeological evidence

The archaeological evidence suggests that the main area of Anglo-Saxon settlement during the fifth century can be identified by the distribution of cemeteries of that period.Шаблон:Efn Apart from Highdown, near Worthing and Apple Down, 11 kilometres northwest of Chichester, they are between the lower Ouse and Cuckmere rivers in East Sussex.Шаблон:Sfn This area was believed to have been for the treaty settlement of Anglo-Saxon mercenaries,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn and although some historians have suggested that Joliffe's findings 'strained the evidence' somewhat, analysis of grave goods have also provided evidence of Jutish settlement between southern Hampshire and Chichester, in the early to mid-fifth century. These connections had ceased by the end of that century.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

See also

Notes

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Citations

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References

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External links

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