Английская Википедия:Cyrillic digraphs

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Шаблон:Cyrillic alphabet

The Cyrillic script family contains many specially treated two-letter combinations, or digraphs, but few of these are used in Slavic languages. In a few alphabets, trigraphs and even the occasional tetragraph or pentagraph are used.

In early Cyrillic, the digraphs Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr were used for Шаблон:IPA. As with the equivalent digraph in Greek, they were reduced to a typographic ligature, Шаблон:Angbr, and are now written Шаблон:Angbr. The modern letters Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr started out as digraphs, Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr. In Church Slavonic printing practice, both historical and modern, Шаблон:Angbr (which is considered as a letter from the alphabet's point of view) is mostly treated as two individual characters, but Шаблон:Angbr is a single letter. For example, letter-spacing affects Шаблон:Angbr as if they were two individual letters, and never affects components of Шаблон:Angbr. In a context of Old Slavonic language, Шаблон:Angbr is a digraph that can replace a letter Шаблон:Angbr and vice versa.

Modern Slavic languages written in the Cyrillic alphabet make little or no use of digraphs. There are only two true digraphs: Шаблон:Angbr for Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Angbr for Шаблон:IPA (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian). Sometimes these digraphs are even considered as special letters of their respective alphabets. In standard Russian, however, the letters in Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr are always pronounced separately. Digraph-like letter pairs include combinations of consonants with the soft sign Шаблон:Angbr (Serbian/Macedonian letters Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr are derived from Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr), and Шаблон:Angbr or Шаблон:Angbr for the uncommon and optional Russian phoneme Шаблон:IPA. Native descriptions of Cyrillic writing system often use the term "digraph" to combinations Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr (Bulgarian, Ukrainian) as they both correspond to a single letter Шаблон:Angbr of Russian and Belarusian alphabets (Шаблон:Angbr is used for Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:Angbr for Шаблон:IPA).

Cyrillic uses large numbers of digraphs only when used to write non-Slavic languages; in some languages such as Avar, these are completely regular in formation.

Many Caucasian languages use Шаблон:Angbr (Abkhaz), Шаблон:Angbr (Kabardian & Adyghe), or Шаблон:Angbr (Avar) for labialization, just as many of them, like Russian, use Шаблон:Angbr for palatalization. Since such sequences are decomposable, regular forms will not be listed below. (In Abkhaz, Шаблон:Angbr with sibilants is equivalent to Шаблон:Angbr, for instance ж Шаблон:IPA, жь Шаблон:IPA, жә Шаблон:IPA, but this is predictable phonetic detail.) Similarly, long vowels written double in some languages, such as Шаблон:Angbr for Abkhaz Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:Angbr for Kirghiz Шаблон:IPA "bear", or with glottal stop, as Tajik аъ Шаблон:IPA, are not included.

Archi

Archi: а́а Шаблон:IPA, аӏ Шаблон:IPA, а́ӏ Шаблон:IPA, ааӏ Шаблон:IPA, гв Шаблон:IPA, гь Шаблон:IPA, гъ Шаблон:IPA, гъв Шаблон:IPA, гъӏ Шаблон:IPA, гъӏв Шаблон:IPA, гӏ Шаблон:IPA, е́е Шаблон:IPA, еӏ Шаблон:IPA, е́ӏ Шаблон:IPA, жв Шаблон:IPA, зв Шаблон:IPA, и́и Шаблон:IPA, иӏ Шаблон:IPA, кк Шаблон:IPA, кв Шаблон:IPA, ккв Шаблон:IPA, кӏ Шаблон:IPA, кӏв Шаблон:IPA, къ Шаблон:IPA, къв Шаблон:IPA, ккъ Шаблон:IPA, къӏ Шаблон:IPA, ккъӏ Шаблон:IPA, къӏв Шаблон:IPA, ккъӏв Шаблон:IPA, кь Шаблон:IPA, кьв Шаблон:IPA, лъ Шаблон:IPA, ллъ Шаблон:IPA, лъв Шаблон:IPA, ллъв Шаблон:IPA, лӏ Шаблон:IPA, лӏв Шаблон:IPA, о́о Шаблон:IPA, оӏ Шаблон:IPA, о́ӏ Шаблон:IPA, ооӏ Шаблон:IPA, пп Шаблон:IPA, пӏ Шаблон:IPA, сс Шаблон:IPA, св Шаблон:IPA, тт Шаблон:IPA, тӏ Шаблон:IPA, тв Шаблон:IPA, твӏ Шаблон:IPA, у́у Шаблон:IPA, уӏ Шаблон:IPA, у́ӏ Шаблон:IPA, хх Шаблон:IPA, хв Шаблон:IPA, ххв Шаблон:IPA, хӏ Шаблон:IPA, хьӏ Шаблон:IPA, ххьӏ Шаблон:IPA, хьӏв Шаблон:IPA, ххьӏв Шаблон:IPA, хъ Шаблон:IPA, хъв Шаблон:IPA, хъӏ Шаблон:IPA, хъӏв Шаблон:IPA, цв Шаблон:IPA, цӏ Шаблон:IPA, ццӏ Шаблон:IPA, чв Шаблон:IPA, чӏ Шаблон:IPA, чӏв Шаблон:IPA, шв Шаблон:IPA, щв Шаблон:IPA, ээ Шаблон:IPA, эӏ Шаблон:IPA

Avar

Avar uses Шаблон:Angbr for labialization, as in хьв Шаблон:IPA. Other digraphs are:

The ь digraphs are spelled this way even before vowels, as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "made", not *гябуна.

Note that three of these are tetragraphs. However, gemination for the 'strong' consonants in Avar orthography is sporadic, and the simple letters or digraphs are frequently used in their place.

Belarusian

The Belarusian language has the following digraphs:

  • 'дз' for affricates [d͡z] and [d͡zʲ] (see uk:дз)
  • 'дж' for affricate [d͡ʒ] (see дж).

Chechen and Ingush

Chechen uses the following digraphs:

The vowel digraphs are used for front vowels for other Dagestanian languages and also the local Turkic languages Kumyk and Nogay. Шаблон:Angbr digraphs for ejectives is common across the North Caucasus, as is гӏ for Шаблон:IPA.

Kabardian and Adyghe

Kabardian and Adyghe both uses Шаблон:Angbr for labialization, as in ӏу Шаблон:IPA. гу is Шаблон:IPA, though г is Шаблон:IPA); ку is Шаблон:IPA, despite the fact that к is not used outside loan words.

[1] Other digraphs are:

Labialized, the trigraph becomes the unusual tetragraph кхъу Шаблон:IPA.

Tabasaran

Tabasaran uses gemination for its 'strong' consonants, but this has a different value with г.

It uses Шаблон:Angbr for labialization of its postalveolar consonants: шв Шаблон:IPA, жв Шаблон:IPA, чв Шаблон:IPA, джь Шаблон:IPA, ь Шаблон:IPA, ччь Шаблон:IPA).

Tatar

Tatar has a number of vowels which are written with ambiguous letters that are normally resolved by context, but which are resolved by discontinuous digraphs when context is not sufficient. These ambiguous vowel letters are е, front Шаблон:IPA or back Шаблон:IPA, ю, front Шаблон:IPA or back Шаблон:IPA; and я, front Шаблон:IPA or back Шаблон:IPA. They interact with the ambiguous consonant letters к, velar Шаблон:IPA or uvular Шаблон:IPA, and г, velar Шаблон:IPA or uvular Шаблон:IPA.

In general, velar consonants occur before front vowels and uvular consonants before back vowels, so it is frequently not necessary to specify these values in the orthography. However, this is not always the case. A uvular followed by a front vowel, as in Шаблон:IPA "kinsman", for example, is written with the corresponding back vowel to specify the uvular value: кардәш. The front value of а is required by vowel harmony with the following front vowel ә, so this spelling is unambiguous.

If, however, the proper value of the vowel is not recoverable through vowel harmony, then the letter ь Шаблон:IPA is added at the end of the syllable, as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "poet". That is, Шаблон:IPA is written with a ы rather than a и to show that the г is pronounced Шаблон:IPA rather than Шаблон:IPA, then the ь is added to show that the ы is pronounced as if it were a и, so the discontinuous digraph ы...ь is used here to write the vowel Шаблон:IPA. This strategy is also followed with the ambiguous letters е, ю, and я in final syllables, for instance in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA cheap. That is, the discontinuous digraphs е...ь, ю...ь, я...ь are used for Шаблон:IPA plus the front vowels Шаблон:IPA.

Exceptional final-syllable velars and uvulars, however, are written with simple digraphs, with ь for velars and ъ for uvulars: Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA pure, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA promise.

Ukrainian

The Ukrainian language has the following digraphs:

  • 'ьо', for [ʲɔ] and [ʲo] (see uk:Ьо)
  • 'дз' for affricates [d͡z] and [d͡zʲ] (see uk:дз)
  • 'дж' for affricates [d͡ʒ] and [d͡ʒʲ] (see дж).

Other alphabets

Dungan
Mandarin Chinese

In the Cyrillization of Mandarin, there are digraphs цз and чж, which correspond to Pinyin z/j and zh. Final n is нь, while н stands for final ng. юй is yu, but ю you, ю- yu-, -уй -ui.

Karachay-Balkar
Khanty
Lezgian
  • гъ, гь, къ, кь, кӏ, пӏ, тӏ, уь, хъ, хь, цӏ, чӏ
Ossetian
Komi
Turkmen (now using Latin alphabet)
Yakut

See also

Notes and references

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Cyrillization

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ The rest of this section only focuses on Kabardian.
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Cyrillic_digraphs&oldid=14140054