Английская Википедия:D'Assas-class cruiser

The D'Assas class comprised three protected cruisers of the French Navy built in the early 1890s; the ships were Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, and Шаблон:Ship. They were ordered as part of a naval construction program directed at France's rivals, Italy and Germany, particularly after Italy made progress in modernizing its own fleet. The plan was also intended to remedy a deficiency in cruisers that had been revealed during training exercises in the 1880s. As such, the D'Assas-class cruisers were intended to operate as fleet scouts and in the French colonial empire. The ships were armed with a main battery of six Шаблон:Cvt guns supported by four Шаблон:Cvt guns and they had a top speed of Шаблон:Convert. A fourth ship, designated "G3" in the 1894 budget, was authorized but was canceled the following year.

All three ships began service in the Mediterranean Squadron in the late 1890s, though D'Assas was later transferred to the Northern Squadron in 1901 and then to French Indochina in 1904. Du Chayla supported an amphibious landing in French Morocco in 1907 and Cassard joined her there the following year. D'Assas was discarded in 1914, but the other two members of the class saw service during World War I, primarily patrolling the Atlantic for German commerce raiders. Both ships were partially disarmed late in the conflict and Cassard became a gunnery training ship while Du Chayla remained in active service. She took part in the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War in 1919 before being sold to ship breakers in 1920, while Cassard lingered on in service until 1924, when she, too, was sold for scrap.

Background

Файл:French cruiser Friant NH 74864.jpg

The earlier cruiser Шаблон:Ship, which provided the basis for the D'Assas design

In the late 1880s, the Italian Шаблон:Lang (Royal Navy) accelerated construction of ships for its fleet and reorganized the most modern ironclad battleships—the Шаблон:Sclass and Шаблон:Sclasses—into a fast squadron suitable for offensive operations. These developments provoked a strong response in the French press. The Budget Committee in the French Chamber of Deputies began to press for a "two-power standard" in 1888, which would see the French fleet enlarged to equal the combined Italian and German fleets, then France's two main rivals on the continent. This initially came to nothing, as the supporters of the Шаблон:Lang doctrine called for a fleet largely based on squadrons of torpedo boats to defend the French coasts rather than an expensive fleet of ironclads. This view had significant support in the Chamber of Deputies.Шаблон:Sfn

The next year, a war scare with Italy led to further outcry to strengthen the fleet. To compound matters, the visit of a German squadron of four ironclads to Italy confirmed French concerns of a combined Italo-German fleet that would dramatically outnumber their own. Training exercises held in France that year demonstrated that the slower French fleet would be unable to prevent the faster Italian squadron from bombarding the French coast at will, in part because it lacked enough cruisers (and doctrine to use them) to scout for the enemy ships.Шаблон:Sfn

To correct the weaknesses of the French fleet, on 22 November 1890, the Superior Council authorized a new construction program directed not at simple parity with the Italian and German fleets, but numerical superiority. In addition to twenty-four new battleships, a total of seventy cruisers were to be built for use in home waters and overseas in the French colonial empire. The D'Assas class were ordered to as part of the program, and were very similar to the earlier Шаблон:Sclasss.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Design

The design for the D'Assas class was prepared by Delphin Albert Lhomme, who based in on the earlier Friant class. Lhomme lengthened the hull by Шаблон:Cvt to add space for additional ammunition storage and widened it by Шаблон:Cvt to improve stability. The longer hull also permitted slightly finer hull lines, and thus greater hydrodynamic efficiency; while the ships of the D'Assas class were faster than those of the Friant type, they still failed to match the top speed of the progenitor of their design lineage, Шаблон:Ship. The larger hull also provided for better ammunition feeding from the magazines to the amidships guns.Шаблон:Sfn

General characteristics and machinery

Файл:French cruiser D'Assas NH 64388.jpg

D'Assas steaming at high speed

The D'Assas-class cruisers were Шаблон:Cvt long between perpendiculars and Шаблон:Cvt long overall. They had a beam of Шаблон:Cvt, but the sponsons for the main battery extended to a beam of Шаблон:Cvt. The ships had an average draft of Шаблон:Cvt, which increased to Шаблон:Cvt aft. Шаблон:Ship displaced Шаблон:Cvt, while the other two vessels displaced Шаблон:Cvt.Шаблон:Sfn D'Assas suffered from stability problems and reportedly sat lower in the water than her sister ships.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

The ships' hulls featured a pronounced ram bow and a tumblehome shape, which were common characteristics of major French warships of the period.Шаблон:Sfn The ram bow was not reinforced to permit it to actually be used to ram enemy vessels.Шаблон:Sfn They had a flush deck with a sloped stern. Their superstructure consisted of a main conning tower with a bridge forward and a smaller, secondary conning tower aft. The ships were fitted with a pair of pole masts with spotting tops for observation and signaling purposes.Шаблон:Sfn The masts each held a searchlight, and another pair of lights were placed in the hull forward, and two more were placed toward the stern.Шаблон:Sfn Their crew varied over the course of their careers and ranged from 370 to 392 officers and enlisted men.Шаблон:Sfn

The ships' propulsion system consisted of a pair of 4-cylinder vertical triple-expansion steam engines driving two screw propellers for D'Assas and Cassard, while Du Chayla received 3-cylinder engines. Steam was provided by twenty coal-burning Lagrafel d'Allest water-tube boilers that were ducted into three funnels on the centerline amidships. Their machinery was rated to produce Шаблон:Convert for a top speed of Шаблон:Convert, which all three ships met on their initial speed tests, achieving speeds of Шаблон:Convert from Шаблон:Cvt. Coal storage amounted to Шаблон:Cvt,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn which permitted a cruising radius of Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Cvt at 20 knots according to a contemporary report from the United States' Office of Naval Intelligence,Шаблон:Sfn though the modern historian Stephen Roberts credits the ships with a range of Шаблон:Cvt at ten knots.Шаблон:Sfn

Armament and armor

[[File:Positions dans le secteur de Narès (juin 1916) - Narès (anciennement) ; Nea Filadelfeia (actuellement) (environs) - Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine - APOR050432.jpg|thumb|A [[Canon de 164 mm Modèle 1893|Шаблон:Cvt Modèle 1893 gun]] converted for use ashore during World War I]]

The ships were armed with a main battery of six [[Canon de 164 mm Modèle 1893|Шаблон:Cvt Modèle 1893]] 45-caliber guns, except Du Chayla, which received six earlier M1887 pattern guns of the same bore diameter.Шаблон:Sfn They were placed in individual pivot mounts; one was on the forecastle, two were in sponsons abreast the forward conning tower, another pair was in sponsons further aft, and the last gun was on the stern. The guns fired a variety of shells, including solid cast iron projectiles, and explosive armor-piercing (AP) and semi-armor-piercing shells. The muzzle velocity ranged from Шаблон:Cvt.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn These were supported by a secondary battery of four [[Canon de 100 mm Modèle 1891|Шаблон:Cvt Modèle 1891 guns]], which were carried in pivot mounts in the conning towers, one on each side per tower.Шаблон:Sfn The guns fired Шаблон:Cvt cast iron and Шаблон:Cvt AP shells with a muzzle velocity of Шаблон:Cvt.Шаблон:Sfn

For close-range defense against torpedo boats, they carried ten [[QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss|Шаблон:Cvt M1885 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns]], two [[QF 1-pounder pom-pom|Шаблон:Cvt M1885 1-pounder guns]], and three 37 mm Hotchkiss revolver cannon, all in individual mounts.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The ships were also armed with two Шаблон:Cvt torpedo tubes in their hull above the waterline according to the naval historian Stephen Roberts in French Warships in the Age of Steam,Шаблон:Sfn though Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships lists the diameter of the torpedoes as Шаблон:Cvt.Шаблон:Sfn

Armor protection consisted of a curved armor deck that was Шаблон:Cvt thick on the flat portion, increasing to Шаблон:Cvt on the sides that sloped down to the side of the hull. The deck consisted of extra mild steel, and was layered on top of Шаблон:Cvt of hull plating. Above the deck at the sides, a cofferdam filled with cellulose was intended to contain flooding from damage below the waterline. Below the main deck, a thin splinter deck that was Шаблон:Cvt thick covered the propulsion machinery spaces and ammunition magazines to protect them from shell fragments. The conning towers aboard Du Chayla and Cassard had Шаблон:Cvt thick plating on the sides, while D'Assas received 80 mm plating for her tower. The main and secondary guns were fitted with Шаблон:Cvt gun shields.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Modifications

The ships underwent a series of changes to their armament over the course of their careers. In 1898, around the time Cassard and Du Chayla were placed in full commission, the light armament was revised to six 47 mm guns, and a third 37 mm QF gun was added and by 1902, the Hotchkiss revolvers were removed from both vessels. For D'Assas, another three 37 mm guns had been added in 1901, but she retained her revolver cannon until 1906. That year, Cassard lost her torpedo tubes, and Du Chayla had hers removed in 1908.Шаблон:Sfn

Cassard and Du Chayla both lost much of their weaponry during World War I so the guns could be used in other vessels or ashore by the French Army. By 1917, CassardШаблон:'s armament had been reduced to just two of her 164.7 mm guns. The following year, she had four Шаблон:Cvt M1877 guns added. Also in 1918, Du Chayla had her armament reduced to two 164.7 mm guns, four Шаблон:Cvt M1897 guns in her sponsons, and four 47 mm guns. In 1919, two of Du ChaylaШаблон:'s 47 mm guns were transferred to Cassard. Cassard was rearmed a final time after the war in 1921, by which time she was serving as a gunnery training ships. For that purpose, she was fitted with a variety of guns, including one 164.7 mm gun aft, one Шаблон:Cvt gun in the bow position, two 90 mm guns in the forward pair of sponsons, two 75 mm guns in the aft sponsons, and two 47 mm guns.Шаблон:Sfn

Construction

Construction data
Name	OrderedШаблон:Sfn	Laid downШаблон:Sfn	LaunchedШаблон:Sfn	CommissionedШаблон:Sfn	ShipyardШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Ship	15 November 1893	1 April 1894	28 March 1896	24 March 1897	Шаблон:Lang, Saint-Nazaire
Шаблон:Ship	17 October 1893	22 October 1894	27 May 1896	21 June 1897	Шаблон:Lang, Cherbourg
Шаблон:Ship	18 March 1894	23 March 1894	10 November 1895	15 July 1897	Шаблон:Lang, Cherbourg
G3	Included in the 1894 budget but not ordered, ultimately deferred indefinitely

Service history

Файл:French cruiser Cassard NH 64384.jpg

Cassard, date unknown

D'Assas and Cassard initially served with the Mediterranean Squadron after entering service in 1898, and they were joined by Du Chayla the following year.Шаблон:Sfn In 1901, D'Assas had been transferred to the Northern Squadron, based in the English Channel.Шаблон:Sfn During this period, they were occupied with routine peacetime training exercises with the rest of the main French fleets in home waters.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn D'Assas was deployed to the cruiser squadron based in French Indochina in East Asia, and in 1905, she assisted with the unsuccessful attempt to re-float the armored cruiser Шаблон:Ship after it ran aground.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn By that time, Cassard had been reduced to reserve.Шаблон:Sfn

In August 1907, Du Chayla supported an amphibious assault in French Morocco during the Bombardment of Casablanca. Cassard was reactivated in 1908 for a deployment to French Morocco.Шаблон:Sfn D'Assas returned home that year to be converted into a fast minelayer, along with Cassard,Шаблон:Sfn but the project was deemed to be too expensive, and D'Assas was instead placed in reserve and briefly used as a storage hulk for waste oil from 1910 to 1913.Шаблон:Sfn D'Assas was struck from the naval register in 1914; she was then sold to ship breakers.Шаблон:Sfn

At the start of World War I in August 1914, Cassard initially operated out of Morocco, patrolling for German U-boats.Шаблон:Sfn Du Chayla was also assigned to patrol duty in the Atlantic, but she, too, saw no action.Шаблон:Sfn In September, Cassard bombarded local villages in Morocco to suppress challenges to French colonial rule.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The ship was later transferred to the western Mediterranean and Red Seas, along with a deployment to the Indian Ocean in 1917. By 1918, Du Chayla had been partially disarmed to supply weapons to the French Army. She took part in the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War in 1919 but was recalled to France in 1920, where she was struck from the naval register in 1921 and sold to ship breakers. In the meantime, Cassard was partially disarmed after World War I and was converted into a gunnery training ship, though she was struck from the register in 1924 and sold for scrap.Шаблон:Sfn

Footnotes

Notes

Шаблон:Notes

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:D'Assas-class cruiser Шаблон:French protected cruisers Шаблон:WWI French ships

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