Английская Википедия:Da (Indic)

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Шаблон:Short description

Шаблон:Infobox Indic letter

Da is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Da is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter Файл:Gupta allahabad d.svg.

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Шаблон:Further Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of द are:[1]

Historic Da

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Da as found in standard Brahmi, Da was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Da. The Tocharian Da Da did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of da, in Kharoshthi (Da) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Da

The Brahmi letter Da, Da, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Dalet Файл:Daleth.svg, and is thus related to the modern Latin D and Greek Delta.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Da can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Da historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)		 Girnar
(~150 BCE)		 Kushana
(~150-250 CE)		 Gujarat
(~250 CE)		 Gupta
(~350 CE)
Файл:Brahmi d.svg Файл:Gupta girnar d.svg Файл:Gupta ashoka d.svg Файл:Gupta gujarat d.svg Файл:Gupta allahabad d.svg

Tocharian Da

The Tocharian letter Da is derived from the Brahmi Da, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Da with vowel marks
Da Dā Di Dī Du Dū Dr Dr̄ De Dai Do Dau Dä
Файл:Tocharian letter da.gif Файл:Tocharian letter daa.gif Файл:Tocharian letter di.gif Файл:Tocharian letter dii.gif Файл:Tocharian letter du.gif Файл:Tocharian letter duu.gif Файл:Tocharian letter dr.gif Файл:Tocharian letter de.gif Файл:Tocharian letter dai.gif Файл:Tocharian letter do.gif Файл:Tocharian letter dau.gif Файл:Tocharian letter dä.gif

Kharoṣṭhī Da

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Da is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic Dalet Файл:Daleth.svg, and is thus related to D and Delta, in addition to the Brahmi Da.[2]

Devanagari Da

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Devanagari abugida sidebar Da (द) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter Файл:Gupta allahabad d.svg. Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter દ, and the Modi letter 𑘟.

Devanagari-using Languages

In all languages, द is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA-hi or Шаблон:IPAblink when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari द with vowel marks
Da Dā Di Dī Du Dū Dr Dr̄ Dl Dl̄ De Dai Do Dau D
द दा दि दी दु दू दृ दॄ दॢ दॣ दे दै दो दौ द्

Conjuncts with द

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Da either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with Virama. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular avoiding their use where other languages would use them.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of द

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct RDa.svg

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + द (da) gives the ligature rda:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RDa.svg

  • द্ (d) + न (na) gives the ligature dna:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DNa.svg

  • द্ (d) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature dra:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DRa.svg

  • द্ (d) + द (da) gives the ligature dda:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DDa.svg

  • द্ (d) + द্ (d) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ddra:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DDRa.svg

  • द্ (d) + द্ (d) + य (ya) gives the ligature ddya:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DDYa.svg

  • द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DDha.svg

  • द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ddʱma:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DDhMa.svg

  • द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + व (va) gives the ligature ddʱva:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DDhVa.svg

  • न্ (n) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature nddʱa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct NDDha.svg

  • Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rddʱa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct RDDha.svg

  • द্ (d) + य (ya) gives the ligature dya:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DYa.svg

Stacked conjuncts of द

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • छ্ (cʰ) + द (da) gives the ligature cʰda:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChDa.svg

  • द্ (d) + ब (ba) gives the ligature dba:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DBa.svg

  • द্ (d) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature dbʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DBha.svg

  • द্ (d) + ब্ (b) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature dbra:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DBRa.svg

  • द্ (d) + च (ca) gives the ligature dca:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DCa.svg

  • द্ (d) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature dcʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DCha.svg

  • ड্ (ḍ) + द (da) gives the ligature ḍda:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DdDa.svg

  • द্ (d) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature dḍa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DDda.svg

  • द্ (d) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature dḍʱa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DDdha.svg

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + द (da) gives the ligature ḍʱda:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DdhDa.svg

  • द্ (d) + ग (ga) gives the ligature dga:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DGa.svg

  • द্ (d) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature dɡʱa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DGha.svg

  • द্ (d) + ग্ (g) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature dgra:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DGRa.svg

  • द্ (d) + ह (ha) gives the ligature dha:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DHa.svg

  • द্ (d) + ज (ja) gives the ligature dja:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DJa.svg

  • द্ (d) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature djʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DJha.svg

  • द্ (d) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature djña:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DJNya.svg

  • द্ (d) + क (ka) gives the ligature dka:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DKa.svg

  • द্ (d) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature dkʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DKha.svg

  • द্ (d) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature dkṣa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DKSsa.svg

  • द্ (d) + ल (la) gives the ligature dla:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DLa.svg

  • द্ (d) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature dḷa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DLla.svg

  • द্ (d) + म (ma) gives the ligature dma:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DMa.svg

  • द্ (d) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature dŋa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DNga.svg

  • द্ (d) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature dṇa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DNna.svg

  • द্ (d) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature dña:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DNya.svg

  • द্ (d) + प (pa) gives the ligature dpa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DPa.svg

  • द্ (d) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature dpʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DPha.svg

  • द্ (d) + स (sa) gives the ligature dsa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DSa.svg

  • द্ (d) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature dʃa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DSha.svg

  • द্ (d) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature dṣa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DSsa.svg

  • द্ (d) + त (ta) gives the ligature dta:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DTa.svg

  • द্ (d) + थ (tʰa) gives the ligature dtʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DTha.svg

  • द্ (d) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature dṭa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DTta.svg

  • द্ (d) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature dṭʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DTtha.svg

  • द্ (d) + व (va) gives the ligature dva:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DVa.svg

  • द্ (d) + व্ (v) + य (ya) gives the ligature dvya:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DVYa.svg

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + द (da) gives the ligature ŋda:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct NgDa.svg

  • Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + व (va) gives the ligature rdva:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct RDVa.svg

  • ट্ (ṭ) + द (da) gives the ligature ṭda:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct TtDa.svg

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + द (da) gives the ligature ṭʰda:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct TthDa.svg

Bengali Da

The Bengali script দ is derived from the Siddhaṃ Файл:Siddham d.svg, and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, द. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter দ will sometimes be transliterated as "do" instead of "da". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d̪o/. Like all Indic consonants, দ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali দ with vowel marks
da dā di dī du dū dr dr̄ de dai do dau d
দ দা দি দী দু দূ দৃ দৄ দে দৈ দো দৌ দ্

দ in Bengali-using languages

দ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with দ

Bengali দ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.[5]

  • ব্ (b) + দ (da) gives the ligature bda:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Bda.svg

  • দ্ (d) + ভ (bʰa) gives the ligature dbʰa:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Dbha.svg

  • দ্ (d) + ভ্ (bʰ) + র (ra) gives the ligature dbʰra, with the ra phala suffix:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Dbhra.svg

  • দ্ (d) + দ (da) gives the ligature dda:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Dda.svg

  • দ্ (d) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Ddha.svg

  • দ্ (d) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature ddva, with the va phala suffix:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Ddva.svg

  • দ্ (d) + গ (ga) gives the ligature dga:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Dga.svg

  • দ্ (d) + ঘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature dɡʱa:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Dgha.svg

  • দ্ (d) + ম (ma) gives the ligature dma:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Dma.svg

  • দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature dra, with the ra phala suffix:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Dra.svg

  • দ্ (d) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature drya, with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Drya.svg

  • দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature dva, with the va phala suffix:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Dva.svg

  • দ্ (d) + য (ya) gives the ligature dya, with the ya phala suffix:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Dya.svg

  • ন্ (n) + দ (da) gives the ligature nda:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Nda.svg

  • ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature ndra, with the ra phala suffix:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Ndra.svg

  • ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature ndva, with the va phala suffix:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Ndva.svg

  • ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + য (ya) gives the ligature ndya, with the ya phala suffix:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Ndya.svg

  • র্ (r) + দ (da) gives the ligature rda, with the repha prefix:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Rda.svg

  • র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature rdra, with the repha prefix and ra phala suffix:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Rdra.svg

  • র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature rdva, with the repha prefix and va phala suffix:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Rdva.svg

Gujarati Da

Файл:Gujarati letter Da.svg
Gujarati Da.

Da (દ) is the eighteenth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Da Da with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Da.

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, દ is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA-gu or Шаблон:IPAblink when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Da Dā Di Dī Du Dū Dr Dl Dr̄ Dl̄ Dĕ De Dai Dŏ Do Dau D
Файл:Gujarati Da Matras.svg
Gujarati Da syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with દ

Gujarati દ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Da does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Da will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + દ (da) gives the ligature RDa:

Файл:Gujarati conjunct RDa.svg

  • દ્ (d) + ર (ra) gives the ligature DRa:

Файл:Gujarati conjunct DRa.svg

  • દ્ (d) + ગ (ga) gives the ligature DGa:

Файл:Gujarati conjunct DGa.svg

  • દ્ (d) + ઘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature DGha:

Файл:Gujarati conjunct DGha.svg

  • દ્ (d) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature DDha:

Файл:Gujarati conjunct DDha.svg

  • દ્ (d) + ન (na) gives the ligature DNa:

Файл:Gujarati conjunct DNa.svg

  • દ્ (d) + બ (ba) gives the ligature DBa:

Файл:Gujarati conjunct DBa.svg

  • દ્ (d) + મ (ma) gives the ligature DMa:

Файл:Gujarati conjunct DMa.svg

  • દ્ (d) + વ (va) gives the ligature DVa:

Файл:Gujarati conjunct DVa.svg

Javanese Da

Шаблон:Main

Telugu Da

Шаблон:Multiple image Da (ద) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter D. It is closely related to the Kannada letter ದ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Da

Файл:Malayalam letter Da.svg
Malayalam letter Da

Da (ദ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter D, via the Grantha letter Da Da. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Файл:Malayalam Da matras.svg
Malayalam Da matras: Da, Dā, Di, Dī, Du, Dū, Dr̥, Dr̥̄, Dl̥, Dl̥̄, De, Dē, Dai, Do, Dō, Dau, and D.

Conjuncts of ദ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ഗ് (g) + ദ (da) gives the ligature gda:

Файл:Malayalam conjunct GDa.svg

  • ദ് (d) + ദ (da) gives the ligature dda:

Файл:Malayalam conjunct DDa.svg

  • ന് (n) + ദ (da) gives the ligature nda:

Файл:Malayalam conjunct NDa.svg

  • ബ് (b) + ദ (da) gives the ligature bda:

Файл:Malayalam conjunct BDa.svg

  • ദ് (d) + ധ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

Файл:Malayalam conjunct DDha.svg

Odia Da

Шаблон:Multiple image Da (ଦ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter D, via the Siddhaṃ letter Da Da. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Da with vowel matras
Da Dā Di Dī Du Dū Dr̥ Dr̥̄ Dl̥ Dl̥̄ De Dai Do Dau D
Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big

Conjuncts of ଦ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ଦ୍ (d) + ଦ (da) gives the ligature dda:

Файл:Odia conjunct DDa.svg

  • ଦ୍ (d) + ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

Файл:Odia conjunct DDha.svg

  • ନ୍ (n) + ଦ (da) gives the ligature nda:

Файл:Odia conjunct NDa.svg

Kaithi Da

Шаблон:Multiple image

Da (𑂠) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter D, via the Siddhaṃ letter Da Da. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Da with vowel matras
Da Dā Di Dī Du Dū De Dai Do Dau D
Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big Шаблон:Big

Conjuncts of 𑂠

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂠 (da) gives the ligature rda:

Файл:Kaithi conjunct RDa.svg

Comparison of Da

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Da, are related as well. Шаблон:Indic glyph

Character encodings of Da

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Da in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Da from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII. Шаблон:Indic encoding

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".

Шаблон:Devanagari abugida

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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