Английская Википедия:Dacian bracelets
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates
The Dacian bracelets are bracelets associated with the ancient people known as the Dacians, a distinct branch of the Thracians. These bracelets were used as ornaments, currency, high rank insignia and votive offerings[1] Their ornamentations consist of many elaborate regionally distinct styles.Шаблон:Sfn Bracelets of various types were worn by Dacians, but the most characteristic piece of their jewelry was the large multi-spiral bracelets; engraved with palmettes towards the ends and terminating in the shape of an animal head, usually that of a snake.Шаблон:Sfn
Dacians background
The Dacians lived in a very large territory, stretching from the Balkans to the northern Carpathians and from the Black Sea and the Tyras River (Nistru) to the Tisa plain, and at times as far as the Middle Danube.Шаблон:Sfn
Dacian civilization went through several stages of development, from the Thracian stage in the Bronze Age to the Geto-Dacian stage in the classical period that lasted from the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD.Шаблон:Sfn The Thracian stage is associated with the emergence of Thracian populations from the fusion of the local Chalcolithic stock with the incoming peoples of the transitional Indo-Europeanization Period.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn By the time of Bronze Age, and during the transitional period to the Iron Age, the cultures of this Carpathian area may be attributed to proto-Thracian and even Thracian populations—ancestors of the peoples known to Herodotus as the Agathyrsae and the Getae, and to the Romans as the Dacians (by Iron Age II).Шаблон:Sfn The culture of these nuclear groups were typified by military aristocracies.Шаблон:Sfn
In these early times the most specific motifs of the bracelets are the spiral and the horn, used to provide the warrior with both physical and deistic protection.Шаблон:Sfn
- The spiral motif (e.g., bracelets from Sacoșu Mare, Firighiaz (now Firiteaz), Săcueni) is associated with solar cults.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It might have been an inheritance of the local Chalcolithic culture,Шаблон:Sfn or an accentuated Mycenaean influence to the north of the Danube.Шаблон:Sfn
- The horn motifs (e.g., bracelets from Pipea, Biia (Șona), Boarta (Șeica Mare)) might have been brought by the intrusive stockbreeders (Proto-Indo-Europeans).Шаблон:Sfn
The 5th century BC is associated with the Dacian stage of artШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and it is the time of the La Tène period (Iron Age II) when Dacian culture flourished, especially in Transylvanian citadels.Шаблон:Sfn The Dacian art of Iron Age II has all the characteristics of a mixed style, with its roots in the Hallstatt culture (1200–500 BC).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It is characterized by an accentuated geometry, a curvilinear style and plant-based motifs.Шаблон:Sfn At this time, besides their older local types, Dacians made all kind of bracelets that were common in the Roman Empire.Шаблон:Sfn But, there was a constant preference of Dacians for decorating the silver spiral bracelets with animals protome such as snakes and wolves.Шаблон:Sfn
The period of time between the 2nd century BC and 1st century AD is termed "Classic Dacian".Шаблон:Sfn At this time the Dacians developed the art of silverworking, and a style which may be described specifically as the Dacian style. It consists of older traditional local elements, dating back to Iron Age I, but also of elements of Celtic, Scythian, Thracian, and especially Greek origins.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The bracelets of this art-form include silver arm rings, with ends in the shape of stylized heads of animals, and heavy spiral-shaped armlets with gilded ends adorned with palm-leaves, and ending in animal-heads.Шаблон:Sfn
The Classic Dacian period ends when parts of the Dacian State were reduced to a Roman province by the Roman Empire under Trajan, partly in order to seize its gold mines. After the Second Dacian War (105–106 AD) Romans claimed they had looted 165 tonnes of gold and 300 tonnes of silver in a single haul, as estimated by modern historians. Its existence in only one spot (at Sarmizegethusa), suggests that there was a central control of precious metal circulation.Шаблон:Sfn According to the majority of historians this sort of monopoly of precious metals, and the Roman's forcible collection of Dacian gold objects, explains the scarcity of archaeological discoveries consisting of golden ornaments for the period between the 3rd century BC and the 1st century AD;Шаблон:Sfn however, the existence of the "Treasures of Dacian kings" has been confirmed by the latest archaeological finds of large gold spiral-shaped bracelets from Sarmizegetusa. It seems that the Romans did not find the entire royal treasure.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Bracelets in the transition period North Thracian and proto-Dacian
Types of bracelets in the Bronze Age and First Iron Age
Numerous bracelets were made of bronze and gold and many of them have been found in Transylvania, near the sources of the ores used in their manufacture.Шаблон:Sfn They include the following types:
- Unequally spiraled armlet made of bronze, worn on the forearm that is also called "arm guard", e.g., those found at Apa (Satu Mare County).Шаблон:Sfn
- Equally spiraled bracelet, used frequently in the early Hallstatt, e.g., Pecica.Шаблон:Sfn
- Open bracelet with widened ends, made of double gold wire, e.g., Ostrovu Mare (Gogoșu).Шаблон:Sfn
- Bracelet with spiralled or volutes endings, e.g., Firighiaz/Firiteaz,Шаблон:Sfn Sacoșu Mare.Шаблон:Sfn
- Open bracelet decorated with incisions, with each end coiled in double opposed volutes, e.g., Sacoșu Mare and Hodiș (Bihor County).Шаблон:Sfn
- Overlapped ends, rhombic cross section, e.g., Sacoșu Mare and Șmig.Шаблон:Sfn The treasures from Șmig, Sibiu County and from Țufalău (Boroșneu Mare) contained also raw gold, thus suggesting the bracelets had been locally made.Шаблон:Sfn
Some bronze bracelet types of the Bronze Age (i.e., incised solid bracelets) continue throughout all the Late Bronze Age and Hallstatt phases.Шаблон:Sfn
-
Bronze bracelet dated to Bronze Age – found at Gușterița, Sibiu County Шаблон:Sfn
-
12th-century BC (Hallstatt A1) Bronze Age bracelets from GușterițaШаблон:Sfn
-
Șpălnaca bracelets dated to Bronze IV=Iron Age I (10th–9th centuries BC)Шаблон:Sfn
-
Șpălnaca bracelets dated to Bronze IV=Iron Age I (10th–9th centuries BC)Шаблон:Sfn
-
Spiral Bronze Age Dacia found at Gușterița Шаблон:Sfn
-
Incised solid bronze bracelets from Bogata – dated to Bronze Age
Various bracelets
Archaeological finds include two gold cylindrical muffs, a characteristic type of the middle and late Bronze Age and widespread throughout Central Europe. Two bronze specimens, both similar to the gold ones, have been discovered at Cehăluț.Шаблон:Sfn The open cuff found at Hinova, and dated to the 12th century BC, is one of the largest gold bracelets of the proto-Dacians found to date. It is made of large gold sheet of Шаблон:Convert in weight and decorated with ten buttons fixed into holes, five on each end.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Bracelets from Băleni, Galați (Late Romanian Bronze Age, Noua Culture) are particularly interesting because of their geometric décor, bands of right or oblique lines. They all have a green patina ranging from dark green to dull green, bluish green, bluish gloss.Шаблон:Sfn
The fragmentary iron bracelet from the cremation cemetery found at Bobda is among the few unequivocally dated iron objects equivalent to Hallstatt A 1–2 in this region.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
A bracelet with snake-shape endings had been found at the Hallstattian necropolis in Ferigile (Vâlcea County).Шаблон:Sfn
Șpălnaca (Hopârta)
The bracelets from Șpălnaca (Hopârta) are dated to Bronze Age IV (Iron Age I)Шаблон:Sfn and have decorations of geometric characters. Although not directly influenced by the Hallstatt styles, the objects from Șpălnaca pre-date the later tendencies for geometric surface decoration of chiseled or engraved lines.Шаблон:Sfn Such discoveries at Șpălnaca, Gușterița, and Dipșa show that bronze craftsmanship still flourished in the North Thracians from the Carpathian-Black Sea and Danube areas at the beginning of the Iron Age.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Multi-spiral types
This type of Dacian bracelet originated in the Bronze Age.Шаблон:Sfn The hoard found in 1980 at Hinova includes two such bracelets.Шаблон:Sfn Multi-spiral types can be dated to the early Hallstatt periodand comprises also open and closed-end bracelets.Шаблон:Sfn One of the spiral bracelets from Hinova weighed 261.55 grams and the other 497.13 grams.Шаблон:Sfn The former, made of a thinner and narrower gold leaf, had a decoration consisting of two furrows cut along the edges and separated by a median crest.Шаблон:Sfn A similar decoration, of a furrow along the median line, decorates a metal bracelet from the deposit found at Sânnicolau Român, dated to the second period of the Bronze Age.Шаблон:Sfn
Finds from Dacia include spiral bracelets made of double gold wire, the largest of which weighed nearly a hundred grams. Gold spiral bracelets of this type have been discovered in Transylvania and Banat, spanning a long period which begins with the very late phase of the Bronze Age and ends with the middle Hallstatt. Similar pieces made of bronze were discovered in the deposit of bronze objects at Sacot-Slatioara.Шаблон:Sfn
The multi-spiral bracelet type spans a long period of time that includes all Hallstattian stages.Шаблон:CN
Spiral motif
The traditional ornamental motifs of bracelets, the meander and the "whirling" spiral (i.e. Oradea, Firiteaz and Sacosul mare), are thought to follow the spread of a cult of the sun, their decorations suggesting the rotation of the sun on the heavenly vault.Шаблон:CN This motif is recognized as one of the parallels between the artifact decorations of this North Thracian group and the ornamentations from the Mycenaean Shaft Graves. It is found in both the Aegean and east-central Europe from the Neolithic onwards.Шаблон:Sfn
Scholars opinions are divided on the source of these comparable traits. One opinion states that the North Thracian spiral motifs originate from the local Eneolithic (Chalcolithic) antecedents rather than from any imported influence.Шаблон:Sfn There are specific forms widespread in northern Thrace that are unlikely inspired by the Mycenaeans.Шаблон:Sfn It is also argued that these motifs apparently did not appear in the intervening territory of South Thrace.Шаблон:Sfn With North Thracians, the spiral motif appears prominently in the form of massive armguard (armlet) terminals, offering physical as well as apotropaic protection.Шаблон:Sfn Hoddinott states that the twin spiral terminals, as on the bowl from Biia, would have been a natural development; either from a local single armlet type or from an Unetice spectacle pendant.Шаблон:Sfn
The other opinion attributes the spiral motif to a northward spread of Mycenaean influence.Шаблон:Sfn It is argued that the spiral of the Neolithic period disappeared during the transitional period towards the Bronze Age, and even during the Early Bronze Age; therefore, starting from the Middle Bronze Age the spiral would occur because of a Mycenaean sway to the north of the Danube.Шаблон:Sfn These comparable features might have occurred because of commercial relations between the Mycenaeans and Dacians relating to the gold mines of Transylvania.Шаблон:Sfn
Spiral ending types
Sacoșu Mare
Whatever may have been the origin of the spiral motif, the craftsmen of the late Carpatho-Danubian Bronze Age IV and Hallstatt A had a marked preference for bracelets with a spiral ending, as found at Sacoșu Mare.Шаблон:Sfn The same décor featuring the coiled disk endings of the single- or double-spiral bracelets is found on contemporary ceramics.Шаблон:Sfn There is also a striking resemblance between the gold bracelets from Sacoșu Mare, from Firighiaz (or Firiteaz), and from other locations in Transylvania that suggest a spiritual affinity in the proto-Dacian world.Шаблон:Sfn
The hoard from Sacoșu Mare consists of bracelets and jewelry dated to the 13th to 12th centuries BC (Late Bronze Age and Hallstatt I).Шаблон:Sfn The golden bracelets, around Шаблон:Convert, have open ends of approximately Шаблон:Convert in diameter. Some terminate with convex volute ends,Шаблон:Sfn while others have double convex volute ends.Шаблон:Sfn The bracelet's bar is decorated with engraved rows of diamonds flanked by dotted lines.Шаблон:Sfn
-
Gold bracelet convex double volute-ends Sacoșu Mare, Timiș County, Romania Шаблон:Sfn
-
Sacosu Mare, 13th–12th century BC. NMIR Museum RomaniaШаблон:Sfn
-
Double-volute ends Sacoșu Mare type. NMIR Museum RomaniaШаблон:Sfn
Firighiaz (Firiteaz)
The finds from Firighiaz (Firiteaz), Arad County, on left bank of the Lower Mureș River, are representative of the spiral motif bracelets of this period.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The Firiteaz's treasure contains twenty-three bracelets made of gold bar, each weighing Шаблон:Convert, and the hoard is housed in the Vienna Museum.Шаблон:Sfn Bracelets made of bronze, similar to the Firiteaz ones made of gold, had been found in Transylvanian deposits dated to the Early Iron Age.Шаблон:Sfn
The Firighiaz treasure comprises three types of bracelets:
- made of quadrangular cross-section bar; they are tapered at both ends (Type 1, dated to Late Bronze Age)Шаблон:Sfn
- made of quadrangular cross-section bar; inverted spirals ends (Type 2)Шаблон:Sfn
- made of semi-round cross section bar; these terminate with double volute spirals at each end (Type 3, dated to the 8th to 7th centuries BC)Шаблон:Sfn
-
Firighiaz type 1, Late Bronze Age (Kunsthistorisches Museum – Vienna).Шаблон:Sfn
-
Firighiaz type 2, 9th to 8th centuries BC (Timiș County).Шаблон:Sfn
-
Firighiaz type 3 dated to the 9th to 8th centuries BC. Kunsthistorisches MuseumШаблон:Sfn
-
Firigheaz type 2 example with one and two coils-shape ends (Bronze IV-Hallstatt)Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Firigheaz type 2 example with one and two coils-shape ends (Bronze IV-Hallstatt)Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The earliest type one bracelets did not have ornamentations, while the later ones are engraved with groups of lines and angles or group of lines that alternate with lozenges (e.g., those from Sălaj County).Шаблон:Sfn This type is also common to the sites in: Domănești (Satu Mare County), Tăuteni (Bihor County), and Șpălnaca (Alba County).Шаблон:Sfn Bracelets with quadrangular cross-section had previously been made of bronze, such as those at the beginning of the Hallstatt period. The gold ones are numerous, but are mostly of small dimensions; these smaller ones are considered to have been used as currency.Шаблон:Sfn
The type two bracelets coil into spiral discs at only one end (terminal). At a later time, between the 8th and 7th centuries BC, they coiled at both terminals similar to the type three bracelets.Шаблон:Sfn
The designs in type 3 bracelets, double-coiled (one at each of the two terminals), have also been found in bracelets from Biia (Alba County, Romania), Fokoru (Heves County, Hungary) and Bilje (Croatia).Шаблон:Sfn
Spiral types similar to the Firighiaz type two have been found in a large area of Central and North-Western Europe: Bohemia, North-East Hungary, Moravia, Silesia, Poznań, West Poland, Pomerania, Lithuania, North Galicia, Germany (Bavaria, Württemberg, Turing, Mecklenburg), and Romania. Their prototypes may have been provided by the Lusatian Culture.Шаблон:Sfn Some scholars believe that these bracelets were a kind of defensive weapon. This view is supported by the fact that this type was found usually on weapons deposits in Germany,Шаблон:Sfn and that they appear to have been worn on the upper arm, as the traces of wear indicate.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
These locally-made bracelets from Firighiaz (Firiteaz), and from other Transylvanian finds, are half the size of the armlets of the similar style found in Germany and they could not be worn. It seems they were simple ornamental objects, a common trait to many similar items found in Romania.Шаблон:Sfn Transylvanian bracelets of this type are described as nearly circular with Шаблон:Convert diameter. Their rods are of a circular cross-section (max. 10 mm thickness) gradually tapering towards the ends, where the cross-section becomes quadrangular and begins to curl in a spiral. The diameter of the spiral discs is 30–35 mm. Each of these discs are made from four spirals.Шаблон:Sfn
Acâș and Săcueni
According to Шаблон:Harvs, the style of Firighiaz artifacts evolved over a considerable period of time into the later form styles of the Dacian Hallstattian bracelets as found at Săcueni (Bihor County), Pipea (Mureș County), and Biia (Alba County).Шаблон:Sfn
Bracelets with double-volute ends like with Firighiaz type two, but with a different style, have been found at Acâș (Satu Mare County) and Săcueni.Шаблон:Sfn These are made of lozenge bar with a décor made of relief globule (similar to bracelets found at Saint-Babel) with double-coiled terminals.Шаблон:Sfn The gold bracelets from Săcueni, as well as those from Acâș and Hajdúszoboszló (Hungary) are typical Dacian bracelets of the Hallstatt period.Шаблон:Sfn
-
Acâș- Săcueni are typical Dacian bracelet of Hallstatt AgeШаблон:Sfn
-
Dacian gold bracelet Șimleu Silvaniei (Crasna River) Шаблон:Sfn
-
Gold bracelet Săcueni (Bihor County) Dacian-HallstattianШаблон:Sfn
-
Dacian bracelet from North of Danube (unknown find spot).Шаблон:Sfn
Bronze bracelets of this type had previously been found in deposits belonging to the first Hallstatt period. Their ornamentation and groups of motifs is similar to the Firighiaz (Firiteaz) type. Analogous bracelets had also been found at Oradea.Шаблон:Sfn Two bracelets with spiral ends, dated to the Iron Age, have also been found in Dacian tombs of the Lower Danube.Шаблон:Sfn
"Horn motif" from Pipea, Biia, and Boarta
Bracelets from Biia and Pipea, found in the 19th century, have an unclear chronology.Шаблон:Sfn This series comprises a find from Abrud and another from an unknown Transylvanian location.Шаблон:Sfn Some archaeologists are reporting them as dating to the Hallstatt,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn though Márton (1933) dated them to the early La Tène period.Шаблон:Sfn Popescu (1956) estimates these can be dated to the Hallstatt phase B (1000–800 BC), but no later than C (800–650 BC).Шаблон:Sfn whereas Mozsolics (1970) dates them to 1,500 BC.Шаблон:Sfn The so-called Biia bracelet was found with the Biia gold "kantharos" that can be dated between 1500 and 1000 BC.Шаблон:Sfn The handles of this goblet are also coiled into a double-spiral motif similar to other types of bracelets from the Carpathian area (i.e. Firigiaz 3, or Acas-Sacueni).Шаблон:CN
There, specimens are made of bronze and are prototypes of the Pipea–Biia–Boarta series of bracelets; therefore, scholars agree these bracelets had been made locally, in the Transylvanian goldsmith workshops. This opinion is supported by metal analysis.Шаблон:Sfn
These types of bracelets are possibly votive offerings, reminiscent of the cult of the bull.Шаблон:CN Their common trait is the stylized motif of "horns". All of them have large C-shaped "horns" as terminals.Шаблон:Sfn As with the spiral, Hoddinott purports that the east-central European bronzesmiths used this horn symbol to provide the warrior with both physical and deistic protection.Шаблон:Sfn In the Aegean Shaft Graves it occurs only on a stele, a gold bowl and three pairs of gold earrings, which Hoddinott considers to be possibly of central European origin.Шаблон:Sfn This thematic motif of the Carpathian peoples is confirmed by other archaeological finds from Transylvania that include three large rings weighing between Шаблон:Convert. Their terminals are animal heads facing each other, depicting the heads of horses in two cases and bulls-heads in the third.Шаблон:CN Eluere (1987) identifies the endings of the Pipea-Biia bracelets with the cultic and religious powerful horns of the bull, and estimates that this myth was perpetuated for centuries.Шаблон:CN
-
Gold bracelet found at Biia Romania; dated to Hallstatt; National Museum, Budapest HungaryШаблон:Sfn
Gold bracelet found at Biia Romania; dated to Hallstatt; National Museum, Budapest HungaryШаблон:Sfn
-
Bracelet from unknown Transylvania findspotШаблон:Sfn It belongs to the series of bracelets from Pipea – Biia – Boarta
-
Solid gold bracelet from Pipea Romania, dated to HallstattШаблон:Sfn
-
Decorative motifs of bracelets from Biia-PipeaШаблон:Sfn
-
Dacian bracelets found in Transylvania Romania – reposited by Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna
According to Hoddinott (1989), the horned animal cults that are attested with these horns motifs were brought by the transitional Indo-Europeanization period immigrants who adopted these stylized motifs as their main apotropaic symbol;Шаблон:Sfn however, the symbols of the horned animal replaced the local ones but were later associated with the sun-fire symbols of the earlier culture.Шаблон:Sfn
The bracelet from Bilje (Croatia) belongs to the same Biia-Pipea type.Шаблон:CN Hartmann noted that the percentage of silver and tin in the bracelets from Belly (Croatia) and Pipea (Romania) is almost identical. This suggests both bracelets had been made in the same region.Шаблон:Sfn According to Marton, the armlets with semi-moon ends are part of an evolutionary series that terminates with the later silver snake-headed bracelets of the Classical Dacian times.Шаблон:Sfn
Boarta type
The bracelet from Boarta (a village in Șeica Mare, Sibiu County) was discovered in 1891 and is dated to 600 BC. It might be an example of the last phases in the evolution of the Biia-Pipea gold artifacts (For the photo of Boarta bracelet see the gallery of links Шаблон:Sfn) A very similar copy of the Boarta type has been found with the treasure from Dalj, Slavonia.Шаблон:Sfn
Unlike the Biia-Pipe type bracelets, the Boarta bracelet is flat, band-shaped, and has three raised ribs resembling the body of two other bracelets from Oradea. Its semi moon-shape terminals are smaller than the Biia-Pipea terminals;Шаблон:Sfn thus, some scholars derive the type of the Boarta bracelet to be from some earlier bronze bracelets whose ends widen and whose bodies have more ridges.Шаблон:Sfn
It seems that some other bracelets found at Bihor, Oradea, Târgu Mureș, and Făget could possibly belong to the Boarta type, and not to the Biia-Pipea type.Шаблон:Sfn
-
Gold bracelet from Bilje in today's Croatia part of the Biia-Pipea series dated to HallstattШаблон:Sfn
-
Boarta's very similar type found at Dalj (Slavonia)Шаблон:Sfn
-
Moșna 1 – A Dacian gold bracelet dated to the Hallstatt period. Moșna, Sibiu CountyШаблон:Sfn
Moșna, Sibiu County
The terminal adornments of this gold bracelet look like animals' heads, but the zoomorphic motif almost disappeared because of the geometric stylization (see picture Moșna 1 above). It is dated to the Hallstatt period. This is not an isolated item, since it is stylistically connected to the geometric and zoomorphism of a collar and two bracelets from Veliki Gaj (Hungarian Nagygáj, Romanian Gaiu Mare) in Serbia.Шаблон:Sfn
Zoomorphic bracelets
In the past, on the basis of a relatively small selection of archaeological finds, some scholars considered that the art of Geto-Dacians was geometrical and non-iconic. This led to the zoomorphic representations of Dacian bracelets being seen as an expression of the art of the steppes people, and Scythian art in particular. The majority of archaeological finds to date show that the main aspect of Geto-Dacian toreutics is in fact a zoomorphic motif style of its own.Шаблон:Sfn This Dacian style of animal art occurs at the time when various ancient historical sources begin to record the Geto-Dacians as an ethnic entity of the larger Thracian family; therefore, this artistic expression might be considered as specific to the Dacian society of the last centuries BC.Шаблон:Sfn
Some scholars sustain that the zoomorphic motifs of that particular time do not represent any kind of zoolatry of the Geto-Dacians. These would be iconographic motifs highlighting and multiplying certain attributes of the deities or of the kings.Шаблон:Sfn
Ox-headed bracelets (Târgu Mureș, Apoldu de Sus, Vad)
The tendency towards the apotropaic zoomorphism that crystallized at the end of the Iron Age I (e.g., bracelets from Biia, Pipea, Boarta, etc.) is clearly manifested with the bracelets possessing ornamented ox heads of the Iron Age II (La Tène) from Târgu Mureș (Mureș County), Apoldu de Sus (Sibiu County), Vad (Brașov County) and one from an unknown Transylvanian find.Шаблон:Sfn The bracelet from Apoldu de Sus seems to have an ox head at one terminus and a ram's head at the other end.Шаблон:Sfn
The ox-head bracelets have been associated with the clay Hallstattian's Moon idol, with which they undoubtedly share a similarity.Шаблон:Sfn
The wires of these series of bracelets are thick, and decorated with ornamental protrusions.Шаблон:Sfn Their characteristic decor consists of relief or incised circles, while there are also those with cuts or incisions that form a fir-tree motif.Шаблон:Sfn
A bracelet with ox-heads discovered in the 19th century at Târgu Mureș (see picture) had been dated by some scholars to La Tène.Шаблон:Sfn Others such as Popescu (1956) dated this particular one to the last period of the Hallstatt, since it might have been deposited together with a semi-moon type bracelet of that period.Шаблон:Sfn As for the technique, it is noted that the bracelet from Târgu Mureș show a control of three-dimensional modeling,Шаблон:Sfn with silver inlays.Шаблон:CN There are two other bracelets of a similar type in the Transylvania Museum, though they are known to be discovered in Transylvania the original site is unknown.Шаблон:Sfn
The religious meaning of the sacred horn had been lost over time, the circlets keeping this shape can only be described as decorative ornamentation.Шаблон:Sfn The bracelet found in 1817 at Vad–Făgăraș (Brașov County) terminating with horse heads depicted as wearing a bridle, is part of the general trend of bracelets replacing the sacred horn as a motif.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Băiceni bracelets
Шаблон:Multiple image In 1959 two bracelets terminating with "horned-horses", were found at Băiceni (Cucuteni).Шаблон:Sfn They are dated to the end of the Iron Age IШаблон:Sfn and are found in the context of a hidden treasure of a Dacian nobleman.Шаблон:Sfn The treasure comprised 2 kilograms of gold ornaments; a helmet, necklace, appliqués, harness, and buttons for vestments. They were ceremonial ensemble for kings or noblemen and their horses.Шаблон:Sfn The bracelets and necklace terminate with protomes of horse heads and exhibit strong Thracian roots.Шаблон:Sfn
The heads have also been interpreted as goat-heads (ibex).Шаблон:Sfn Each head is very made of embossed gold foil with a filigree composition,Шаблон:Sfn and had sun-symbols on the middle of the forehead. They also have what may be seen as ram's- or goats-horns (see picture "Head 1" on the right).Шаблон:Sfn These Băiceni gold artworks of the 4th century BC are viewed as one of the links transferring the Thracian and North Thracian Art forms and motifs across to the Dacian silversmiths.Шаблон:Sfn
Iron Age II (La Tène)
Dacians replaced gold, the popular Transylvanian metal during the Iron Age I period, with silver during Iron Age II.Шаблон:Sfn The types of ornaments also changed, perhaps due to new social structures and hierarchy or due to changes of the preferences of the populous and sacerdotal aristocracy.Шаблон:Sfn
Dacians absorbed influences from the western Celts and eastern Scythians, but also proved their artistic originality.Шаблон:Sfn The bracelet style of the former is more individual, as they synthesized the older local elements originating from the Bronze Age into a new combination adapted to include the contemporary decorative forms and motifs.Шаблон:Sfn
Objects specific to warriors (armors, harnesses etc.) became preponderant from the 5th century BC onwards, in contrast to the decorative objects (bracelets, torques and pendants) that predominated in the Bronze Age, and in the transition period leading up to the Iron Age.Шаблон:Sfn In the 2nd and 1st centuries BC gold and silver military objects are replaced so that the treasures of the late Dacian La Tène comprise ceremonial ensembles of silver ornaments and clothing accessories, bracelets along with some mastos or footed cup vases.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The geometrical and spiral motif ornamentation of earlier bracelets is more often replaced with zoomorphic and vegetal representations.Шаблон:Sfn The decorations of bracelets that have been found, across the whole territory inhabited by Dacians, consist of lines cut into fir-tree shapes, dots, circlets, palmettes, waves, and bead motifs.Шаблон:Sfn
Totești bracelet
Various single-spiral bracelets made of solid quadrangular (rhombic) gold bars, whose overlapping ends represent the head of a snake, were found in 1889 at Totești in Hunedoara County.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The head is geometrically stylized but clearly defined by decorative details. This artifact belongs to the so-called "Classic Dacian" periodШаблон:Sfn and described as a "primitive work done by a not skilful hand".Шаблон:Citation needed It was noted that the snake head is realistically depicted by the representation of the eyes, ears and other elements of the vipera ammodytes that is so commonly found in the area. The same scholars related these gold circlets to the later silver multi-spirals snake protome and palmette bracelets from Vaidei-Romos, Senereuș, Hetur, Marca, and Oradea Mare.Шаблон:Sfn Other scholars consider that the Totești snake-headed ornaments should be interpreted on the basis of an abstract contemporary stylistic type, and not as an imitation of reality. In this interpretation Totești bracelets are not connected with the snakes from the region of Deva, but they are a tradition that began in Hallstatt times with the "Scythian rings" and continued into the La Tène period.Шаблон:Sfn
In the Scythian tombs of Northern Hungary that are related to the Scythian invasions from around 700 BC, as well as in those of central Romania, spiral-shaped rings known as the "Scythian rings" have been found; with one end forming a fantastic animal, such as a dragon or serpent. These apotropaic creatures, themselves Turano-Siberian varieties of old Mesopotamian monsters, might have provided the model for the Dacian protome bracelet from ToteștiШаблон:Sfn—but neither the Scythian animals nor the Greek decorations appear to have had great success in Dacia, since the native geometric style continued to predominate.Шаблон:Sfn
Analogies to the Totești bracelets can be found not only to the multi-spiral bracelets, but also in the overlapping-end bracelets whose ends sometimes terminate with stylized animal heads.Шаблон:Sfn
Common Dacian types of the La Tène IB (250–150 BC)
Шаблон:Multiple image The archaeological findings dated to this period of time comprise the following types:
- One-spiral bracelet made of bar with engraved ends (mostly Hatching and Zigzag).Шаблон:Sfn
- Bracelets with non-joined ends. These originate from the Bronze Age, e.g., the ones from Șpălnaca.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn
- Bracelet made of bar having a plastic decoration of a Celtic type "S", e.g., Gyoma.Шаблон:Sfn
- Bracelets with overlapped ends, e.g., Slimnic (Sibiu County) and Sâncrăieni (Harghita County).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn These are artifacts of local Hallstattian tradition originating from the first period of the Iron Age, and preserved until the late La Tène period.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Analogous models dated to the late Hallstatt period have been found at Balta Verde and Gogoșu (both in Mehedinți County).Шаблон:Sfn
- Bracelets with slightly widened or thickened ends.Шаблон:Sfn
- Multi-spirals bracelet found with Slimnic treasure.Шаблон:Sfn This is a re-adaptation of the older Carpathian spiral bracelet, earlier forms of it have been found in Bronze Age deposits at Balta Verde and Gogoșu (Mehedinți County).Шаблон:Sfn This type could be considered as being just a simple form of the multi-spiral with protomes and palmettes.Шаблон:Sfn
Bracelets in the "Classical Dacian" period of the Dacian State
The Dacian silver bracelet is one of the characteristic artworks of this period, and the most representative ornament on them is the snake protome.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Dacian bracelets have mainly been thought of as women's adornments but it can not be excluded that some types of bracelets, especially the multi-spirals ones, represented insignia of politico-military and sacerdotal functions and therefore worn by men.Шаблон:Sfn
Bracelets became part of the objects that Dacians selected as votive offerings deposited outside settlements. Such offerings have been found in a fountain at Ciolanestii din Deal, Teleorman County, where silver bracelets and vases dated to 2nd or 1st century BC were found, and finds beside a lake in a forest at Contesti, Argeș County, where bracelets, pearls, and a drachma were found.Шаблон:Sfn
Types of the La Tène II period (150 BC – 100 AD) include:
- Bracelets with the ends curled back around the bracelet's wire i.e. Cerbal (Hunedoara County) and Remetea (Timis County)Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn
- Bracelets made of multiple twisted wires i.e. at CerbălШаблон:Sfn In the La Tène Age, this type appears to have been developed from the twisted types of the Bronze Age IV from Spalnaca.Шаблон:Sfn
- Bracelets with double torsade i.e. CerbălШаблон:CN
- Bracelets made of decorated band with circles and dotted lines i.e. CerbălШаблон:Sfn
- Bracelets made of ribbed barШаблон:Sfn
- Bracelets with single- or multi-spirals terminating with snake headsШаблон:Sfn
-
Dacian bracelet from Transylvania; each end is coiled on the circlet's wire itself La Tène III Шаблон:Sfn)
-
Silver decorated band bracelet from Cerbăl dated to La Tène Шаблон:Sfn
-
Decorated band hook-and-eye-bracelet Cerbăl dated to La Tène Шаблон:Sfn
-
Dacian bracelet -Transylvania; Slimnic type (Iron Age II)Шаблон:Sfn
-
Silver Dacian bracelet from Transylvania
Regional finds
According to Horedt (1973), silver Dacian treasure finds can be typologically categorized into north and south groups, divided by the Târnava River. In the contact zone between them the artifacts are common to both zones.Шаблон:CN In this classification the silver multi-spiral bracelets that are ornamented with palmettes and snake protomes would belong to the southern group.Шаблон:CN
East of the Carpathian Mountains
The Dacian bracelets that have been found East of the Carpathians can be categorized into two main types:
- Non-joined ends i.e. those found at Poiana (Galați County) and Gradistea (Brăila County). Numerous specimens are made of bronze, such as those found at Brad, Racatau and Poiana.Шаблон:Sfn
- Overlapped ends that are coiled onto the wire itself.Шаблон:CN Шаблон:Sfn This type has ornamentation consisting of geometrical motifs and sometimes of snake protomes.Шаблон:Sfn
The characteristic metals used for bracelets found in the area of the Siret River valley are bronze and iron,Шаблон:CN though silver was also probably used; a silver bracelet was found with a treasure of coins buried after 119–122 AD.Шаблон:CN
In the Prut-Dniester region sub-types have been identified such as:
- Bronze bracelets such as those found at Trebujeni, Mașcăuți and Hansca
- Non-joined ends, bar with vegetal décor such as those from Palanca-Tudora
- Bracelets made of 3–6 twisted bronze wires with flattened ornaments in the middle.Шаблон:Sfn
- Multi-spiral types, such as the bracelets from the treasure found at Mateuți (Rezina District) dated to the 4th century BC. This treasure includes two silver bracelets, one with five spirals and one with three.Шаблон:Sfn
Moesia Superior
Dacian bracelets have been found in deposits from Tekija, Bare,Шаблон:Sfn Veliko SredišteШаблон:CN and Paraćin.Шаблон:Sfn
The style and type of the bracelets from Tekija and Bare are similar to the Dacian silver types; i.e. bracelets made of twisted wire and bracelets with overlapped ends that are coiled around the wire itself.Шаблон:Sfn Even though the origins of this type should not necessarily be located in Dacia itself, since bracelets of this type are scattered throughout the entire Balkan-Danube area, the earliest dated bracelets from Tekija and Bare are very large, as were those typical of the Dacian cultural complex.Шаблон:Sfn Bracelets with ends shaped as a head of, or tail of, a serpent are well represented in the Dacian deposits that are found at the Bare.Шаблон:Sfn
The Dacian bracelets that are decorated with spiral end-pieces, i.e. Belgrad—Guberevac (Leskovac), along with thin Dacian silver necklaces found in East Serbia, characterize the presence of a Dacian La Tène culture at Paraćin in Serbia.Шаблон:Sfn
-
Silver bracelet – Transylvania (Iron Age II) Шаблон:Sfn
-
Bracelet from lower Danube area (Serbia), 1st century BC - 1st century AD (Moesia)
-
"Torsades" type of silver bracelet from Cerbăl (Hunedoara County) dated to La Tène III Шаблон:Sfn
-
Twisted wires bracelet from Spalnaca (Bronze Age IV) that evolved into Cerbăl twisted wires type, by the La Tène times.Шаблон:Sfn
Bracelets with cord ornaments
An important category of the jewelry in the Daco-Getic environment are bronze bracelets with cord ornaments, whose typology consists of three types held in the Blaj Museum and in Simleul Silvaniei. Such circlets had been discovered at Ardeu, Cuciulata (Brasov), Costesti (Hunedoara), Ocnita (Valcea), Pecica (Arad), Simleul Silvaniei (Sălaj), Tilisca (Sibiu) and in the Orăstie Mountains.Шаблон:Sfn These ornaments do not seem to be specific to pre-Roman Dacia, as they were widely spread in contemporary Germany, Poland, Czech, Slovakia, Hungary and Slovenia—all during the La Tène period.Шаблон:Sfn Since their diameter is around 10 cm, apart from those found in Simleul Silvaniei and Orăstie which are 6 cm and 7.5 cm, they were probably worn on the arm or as anklets.Шаблон:Sfn They have been found mainly in fortresses or important centers of pre-Roman Dacia, and appear to have been prestige items of the local aristocracy.Шаблон:Sfn
Bracelets with a double torsade
This type have been found with treasures from Cerbăl (Hunedoara County), Bistrița (Bistrița-Năsăud County), Drăgești (Bihor County), Oradea-Sere (Bihor County), Saracsău (Alba County), and Tilișca (Sibiu County). The bracelets are made of wire turned two or three times to form a semicircular terminal. The three-turns style is seen only with a single bracelet from Cerbăl. These terminals are always decorated with stamped-dotted lines and are dated to the 1st century BC.Шаблон:CN
This type was designed and preferred by the intra-Carpathian regions. Only one presence occurs in the Danube area, at Iron Gates.Шаблон:CN Since this bracelet appears to have been a prestige ornament, its presence south of the Carpathians is seen as a component of the relationships between the elites of the two neighboring regions.Шаблон:CN
The material of bracelets
In the Bronze Age IV and Hallstatt periods Dacia was characterized by gold treasures and by a particular gold art, whereas archaeological finds dated to the La Tène period are mostly made of silver.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This is a common characteristic of the Illyrian and Eastern Alps regions of the time, and not limited to the Dacian area.Шаблон:Sfn Some scholars, such as Glodariu, explain the scarcity of gold ornaments and bracelets in Dacian treasures by a custom of the Dacians, Celts, Germans and Romans in reserving golden ornaments for the king alone.Шаблон:Sfn Other scholars, such as Florescu, put forth the hypothesis of religious restrictions regarding the use of gold in the period of the Dacian state.Шаблон:Sfn
The golden Dacian bracelets, and indeed most of the jewelry, that has been found so far are made of unrefined gold from the Apuseni Mountains.Шаблон:Sfn
The silver of the Dacian bracelets and other ornaments of the time always contain between 0.63 and 6.35% gold.Шаблон:Sfn In some scholars opinions, such as Oberländer-Târnoveanu, it was obtained by melting Greek and Roman coins as well as importing from Balkan sources.Шаблон:Sfn Others, Popescu for example, support the thesis of a local extraction of silver from the Apuseni Mountains.Шаблон:Sfn
The work and typology of the silver multi-spirals snake-headed bracelets suggests the existence of a large manufacturing center, located most probably near the Dacian sites of the Orastie Mountains.Шаблон:Sfn From there silver artifacts spread throughout the entire area of modern-day Transylvania; and, as archaeological finds prove, these art works become later known in areas that encompass the modern regions of Moldavia, Muntenia and Oltenia.Шаблон:Sfn
In the second phase of La Tène, reasoned on the basis of finds, Dacia appears to have experienced a temporary "silver crisis", probably related to an increase in the minting of silver denarii; therefore, bracelets dated to that time had been made of mild alloy and only plated with a silver layer about 0.1 mm (0.004 inch) thick. The layer was so well welded that the welding can not be identified by the naked eye, even in cross sections.Шаблон:Sfn Specimens of the group include finds from Sarmasag (Salaj County) and Dersca (Botosani County). There were also similar finds at Slimnic (Sibiu County) and Herastrau Bucuresti.Шаблон:Sfn
Representations depicting the wearing of Dacian bracelets
The Dacian phalera from Lupu-Cergău, Alba County, depicts a feminine divinity wearing some circlets on her arms. Some scholars identified these with a representation of the Dacian bracelet types.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In 1820 at Cioara (today Săliștea) a fragmentary gilded silver plaque was discovered, dated to La Tène III, and primitively decorated au repousse ("by embossing"), with representations of two human characters, probably warriors.Шаблон:Sfn Hatched bands are visible on the arms and wrists that resemble regular bracelets.Шаблон:Sfn Even though the motifs of the plaque do not seem to be local, since it differs in some respects from those depicted on Trajan's Column, the silver-work itself seems to be Dacian. Other than the Dacians, no-one was working in this style at that time. The silversmith who made it is probably the same one who made the well known Dacian snake-headed bracelets from Hunedoara County.Шаблон:Sfn
A fragment from the Forum of Roman Emperor Trajan (2nd century AD) in Rome has a relief of a seated female, probably a Dacian (Dacia Capta – "the conquered Dacia"). She is depicted wearing a bracelet on each arm below the shoulder.Шаблон:Sfn
Bracelets with a snake-motif
This motif is found with both the multi-spiral bracelets and also with the simple bracelets.Шаблон:Sfn
- Multi-spiral silver bracelets terminating with portions of palmettes and snake protome terminals at each end, i.e. those found at Cojocna, Bălănești (Mărunței), Rociu, Coada MaluluiШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Drauseni (Cața) (destroyed by 1941),Шаблон:Sfn Feldioara and Orastie.Шаблон:Sfn The endings of some of the bracelets were gilded: i.e. Coada Malului Шаблон:Sfn and Orastie.Шаблон:Sfn
- Multi-spiral bracelets with snake-heads at each terminal, but whose terminals do not have the palmettes, that are plaques decorated with large scales, i.e. those from Herastrau (Bucuresti) dated to the 1st century BC.Шаблон:Sfn A bracelet from Bunesti (Vaslui County) is similar to the one from Herastrau, but it is dated earlier than the 1st century BC.Шаблон:Sfn
- Simple bracelets, where stylized snake heads terminate the ends.Шаблон:Sfn The ends are either in the shape of an animal's head summarily but adroitly stylized, as in the case of the Slimnic bracelets, or in other cases the animal's head is suggested by a few engraved lines, and the decorated ends were gilded.Шаблон:Sfn Finds include those from: Ocnita (Valcea County),Шаблон:Sfn Poiana (Tecuci),Шаблон:Sfn Săcălăsău Nou (Bihor County),Шаблон:Sfn in Romania; and also from Jakabszállás in Hungary.Шаблон:Sfn
- Bronze bracelets cast and incised with snake protomes, i.e. those found in Râșnov, Brașov County, and dated to the 2nd or 1st century AD.Шаблон:Sfn
Description of the silver multi-spiral bracelets with palmettes and protomes at both terminals
There are about 27 known Dacian silver or silver-gilt multi-spiral bracelets terminating with rectangular plaques and snake head protomes. They are exhibited or kept in repositories and museums in Bucharest (Romania), Budapest (Hungary) and Belgrade (Serbia).Шаблон:CN Additionally the Kunsthistorisches Museum holds Dacian silver bracelets such as the one found at Orastie (Hunedoara County)Шаблон:Sfn and the one from Feldioara (Brasov County).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
All of these silver works are characterized by their large size. For example, the one found at Senereuș, now in the Brukenthal Museum weights around 0.4 kilograms (0.88 pounds). The wire used is 206 cm (6 feet 9 inches) long and 0.4 cm (0.157 inches) thick, while the heads are 21 cm each (8.26 inches). The inside diameter of the coils is 12.5 cm (4.92 inches) with an outside diameter of 13.3 cm (5.2 inches). These large diameters and the heavy weight of these armlets would suggest wearing them on the upper arm or on the leg.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The coils of the specimen from Cluj Napoca have an even bigger outside diameter at 16 cm (6.3 inches);Шаблон:Sfn therefore, it is supposed that it was worn on the thigh or forearm over clothesШаблон:Sfn
The specimen from the Transylvanian Museum at Cluj weighs 0.358 kilograms (0.79 pounds). It has been made by hammering a silver bar of a circular cross-section. It has 4 spirals and the ends are flattened, decorated with seven palmettes made by punching. The surfaces of the palmettes, and their extremities, are decorated with the "fir-tree" motif and incised circles.Шаблон:CN
The multi-spiral from Belgrad Museum has an interesting particularity in that the impression of the palmette motif has two puncheons of different dimensions. This might have been done in order to avoid the stereotypy of models.Шаблон:CN
Origins
Snakes are depicted in Dacian toreutics from the 6th and 5th centuries BC, and also in the later period.Шаблон:Sfn Both types of bracelets with snake protomes, those of simple and multiple spirals, show an ancient Thracian tradition from the Hallstatt period (the Geto-Thracian period) of Geto-Dacian art evolution.Шаблон:Sfn Snake-shaped bracelets, and other ornaments of the same kind, speak not only of the spread of the decorative motif but also of a symbol and significance of this motif in the Dacian period.Шаблон:Sfn
Some scholars suppose that the Scythians provided the model of the snake décor found in the Classical Dacian bracelets, on the basis that the semi-spiraled Scythian snake type rings, were common in Dacia after the Hallstatt period. Those rings might have been continuously used until the La Tène period, or perhaps until the Roman era, as can be seen with a necropolis from Cașolț, Sibiu County.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn If this was the case, Shchukin suggests it was a matter of transferred ideas rather than of imports.Шаблон:Sfn
These bracelets types can be explained by the typology of the local tradition of the Hallstattian period; and there were similar bracelets in the Thracian world of today's Romania and Bulgaria.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Such examples include a mid-3rd-century BC spiral dragon-headed ring; a spiral snake-headed ring from Nesebar (Messembria); 4th century BC spiraled bracelets from Aitos; and a 3rd-century BC snake-headed ring of unknown origin in the British Museum.Шаблон:Sfn
The manufacture of the spirals, by wrapping the silver wire several times, belongs to the traditions of the Bronze Age;Шаблон:Sfn but those with their ends flattened, and decorated on the outside with intaglio palmettes, belong to a more modern style according to Popescu.Шаблон:Sfn The way in which these dragon patterned bracelets were developed by the Dacians was new, while its resemblance to the workmanship and style of other countries are so few, that these bracelets might very well be considered as specifically Dacian. It can be distinguished as a Dacian style since they remained faithful to their own geometric representations,Шаблон:Sfn and the palmette motif is not found in the neighboring areas.Шаблон:CN
-
Dacian La Tène, gold-plated silver bracelet from Orastie Romania Repository Vienna Kunsthistorisches MuseumШаблон:Sfn
-
Dacian silver bracelet dated to the 1st century BC; Museum of Transylvania Cluj-Napoca.Шаблон:Sfn
-
Scythian Hallstatt Scythian type rings from Dacia, believed to be a "source" for Dacian snake-headed bracelets.Шаблон:Sfn
-
Silver ornament found at Dârlos (Sibiu County)Шаблон:Sfn
-
Bracelets Vaidei (Hunedoara County) and Hetiur (Mures County).Шаблон:Sfn
-
Detail, snake-head and rectangular plaque 'mane' of the gold bracelets, 1st century BC Шаблон:Sfn
-
Protoma head and mane of a gold bracelets, 1st century BC Sarmizegetusa Шаблон:Sfn
-
Silver Dacian bracelet from Transylvania (La Tène age) National Museum – Budapest.Шаблон:Sfn
The dragon and snake-head motif
Within the multi-spiral group of bracelets with palmette scales, two sub-groups can be stylistically identified – one represented by the Feldioara find and the other by the Orastie find. These sub-groups show that the snake and dragon types were not absolutely immutable in the imagination of the Dacian silversmiths. Two variants were introduced: mammal head – snake head and crest – mane,Шаблон:Sfn as well as some transitional versions.Шаблон:Sfn
The bracelet discovered around 1856 at Orăștie consists of a single silver wire, with a circular cross-section, coiled into eight equal spirals terminating in a dragon head at both ends. It is analogous to the bracelet from Feldioara but its head is different in that the head is almost triangular.Шаблон:Sfn It has been made in a richer figurative manner than others.Шаблон:Sfn
The multi-spiral bracelet with zoomorphic (snake?) ends, found in 1859 with a treasure from Feldioara, is different because of the widened muzzle of the protome terminals. In the middle of the snake head the Dacian silversmith engraved braids, by the use of puncheons, consisting of two rows of small, oblique, divergent traits. The snake's eyes are depicted as two circles. A strong profile separates the head from a relatively rectangular plaque with rounded corners, and slightly arched edges representing the mane of the Dacian dragon. The profiled relief edges of the bracelet's rectangular plaque and its decoration with two rows of divergent slashes are suggestive of the mane of a dragon or wolf.Шаблон:Sfn
The bracelets from the Museum of Transylvania found in Cluj, Hetiur (Mureș County) and Ghelința are characterized by a more trenchant cutting and a more prominent relief for modeling the head. These traits are unlikely to represent a specific ophidian form and the longitudinal axis is marked by a stylistically different means.Шаблон:Sfn
The zoomorphic motif of the bracelets depicts a fantastic animal with the head and body of a serpent but the muzzle of a mammal, pointed or square, with a thick mane flowing on its back prolonged by a poly-lobed (multiple palmettes) body. Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The analysis of these Dacian symbols, performed by scholars—such as Florescu (1979), Pârvan (1926), and Bichir (1984)—conclude that the symbol of the snake or dragon appears on the Geto-Dacian La Tène bracelets and on the Dacian standard (flag) that can be seen on Trajan's Column.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Dacians dragon probably combines two meanings: the agility and redoubtable ferocity of the wolf with the protective role of the snake.Шаблон:Sfn It was supposed to encourage the Getae and to scare their enemies.Шаблон:CN It also appeared to have been the only one known representation of the religious character of the Dacians of the time.Шаблон:Sfn Scholastic interpretations vary between considering this a representation of a "flying dragon", related to a Sky God,Шаблон:Sfn or a chthonic symbol.Шаблон:Sfn
Some bracelets from south of the Carpathians, such as those from Coada Malului, Bălănești and Rociu; and some from north of the Carpathians such as those from Dârlos and Vaidei (Romos)) do not have decorative elements to mark the median line on the rectangular plaque (the wider and flat portion coming next to the head). They instead have wavy lines, finely engraved, suggesting a mane or ridge.Шаблон:Sfn A similar style is seen in specimens from Senereuș, Dupuș (Sibiu County) and from the unknown Transylvanian site, the fragment of which is kept at the Budapest Museum. On the latter, the beam of wavy lines has been replaced by horizontal, short and dense, finely engraved lines.Шаблон:Sfn
The rectangular portion of the bracelets from Bălănești and Transylvania show a tendency to split into two teardrop-shaped lobes.Шаблон:Sfn On the subgroup of bracelets from Coada Malului, the fir-tree is depicted only schematically.Шаблон:Sfn
It was also noted that the snakes from the Agighiol artifacts of the 4th century BC, especially the depicted heads of snakes, have a stylization similar to that of the Dacian bracelet protomes; they have the same triangular form, and the same distribution of the decorations that mark the eye of the snake.Шаблон:Sfn
The leaf motifs of the multi-spiral bracelets
The flattened bands of the bracelets are decorated externally with a chain of geometrized palmettes that have been struck in much the same way as coins.Шаблон:Sfn It seems that the leaf-like ornaments have been made by impression, using ready-made moulds, as used in the manufacture of Dacian cups from the La Tène Crasani (com. Balaciu) site. Scholars, such as Popescu, related the chain of successive palmettes of the Dacian bracelets to the decoration of the borders on the Scythian Melgunov dagger sheath from the 6th century BC.Шаблон:Sfn Others consider that several multi-spiral bracelets, i.e. from Balanesti (Olt), have the same palmette motif as the typical decorations of the 4th-century BC Thracian-Getic helmet from Agighiol (com. Valea Nucarilor), Tulcea.Шаблон:Sfn In the opinion of Berciu, the palmette motif was adopted from the Greeks of the Black Sea coast during the Geto-Thracian Art period.Шаблон:Sfn
Dacian bracelets exhibit four decorative types of leaf-like triangular lobes: first is the most complex is of oval or triangular palmettes; the second is interpreted as representing fern leaves (e.g. the Orastie bracelet); the third is the fir-tree motif, where the rounded lobes become straight lines resembling a fir-tree branch; and the fourth whose shape preserves only the medial vein and the circles, suggesting the spiral arching of the lobes (e.g. the Feldioara bracelet).Шаблон:Sfn
The palmettes are more precisely outlined and more faithfully preserve the original lobes and palmette character, with several bracelets such as those from the Cluj Museum, Hetiur and Ghelinta. They are farthest away from a schematic fir-tree motif.Шаблон:Sfn A stylized ivy leaf-like style is common to the group of bracelets from Coada Malului, Rociu and Bălănești (Argeș County), and Dupuș. It is formed using carved lines doubled with a fine series of dots.Шаблон:Sfn
The same motif seen in other ornaments
The decorative snake style has been adopted in other types of ornaments, such as earrings from Răcătău and spiral rings from Sprâncenata and Popești-Novaci.Шаблон:Sfn
The silver ring from Măgura, Teleorman has four-and-a-half multi-spirals with snake-head terminals and a chain of five palmettes.Шаблон:Sfn It belongs to a small silver treasure—comprising three denarii that could be dated between 148 and 106 BC, and one ornament (the ring) —fortuitously discovered in 2005 and 2006 in a spot 330 m from Măgura village.Шаблон:Sfn The ring is considered by some, e.g. Mirea (2009), to be a miniaturized representation of the typical multi-spiral bracelets terminating with palmettes and snake protomes.Шаблон:Sfn There are particular analogies with the bracelets from Bălănești–Olt and Rociu–Argeș; as well as analogies with the spiral rings from Sprâncenata and Popești.Шаблон:Sfn The decorations are similar to a motif of the gold multi-spiral bracelets discovered in 1999–2001 at Sarmizegetusa Regia.Шаблон:Sfn
Significance and archaeology of the silver multi-spiral bracelets with palmettes and protomes
The multi-spiral bracelets made of plates with zoomorphic extremities, all of them made of silver and sometimes gilded, are characteristic of the north-Danubian Dacian elite, in particular ones from Transylvania.Шаблон:Sfn Also, according to Medelet (1976), one Dacian silver bracelet from Malak Porovets (Isperih Municipality Bulgaria) and one Dacian silver bracelet from Velika Vrbica (Serbia), belong to the same typology.Шаблон:Sfn Some of this type of bracelets, such as the one in the Cluj-Napoca Transilvanias History Museum and the two others in the National Museum Budapest (Hungary), are from unknown Transylvanian sites.Шаблон:Sfn
It is possible the big silver multi-spirals were used with clothes worn for special celebrations,Шаблон:Sfn though they do not seem to have a simply decorative use.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The context of burying these prestige aristocratic insignia suggests that the treasures they compound were rather votive deposits than funeral offerings (cenotaph?).Шаблон:Sfn
The silver snake-headed multi-spiral bracelets are found in the context of the so-called Dacian silver treasures.Шаблон:Sfn A significant fact regarding these treasures is the specificity of the time frame, from around 125 BC – 25 AD (one century).Шаблон:Sfn In historical terms, they are contemporary to the reigns of Burebista, Deceneus and Comosicus. It is probable that the hoards of silver bracelets and ornaments of the late Geto-Dacian began to be produced just prior to the reign of Burebista, a possible example being the one from Sâncrăieni. The manufacturing of silver ornaments continued during his reign, although to a lesser extent (perhaps due to his authoritarian, despotic and purist nature), and mostly after his suppression of the manufacture (44 BC – 46 AD); therefore the silver hoard production lasted almost a century.Шаблон:Sfn The burying of these Dacian silver jewelry items and bracelets (those made between 44 BC and 46 AD) occurred in the same period of time that was characterized by a scarcity of silver due to the turbulent situation in Dacia.Шаблон:Sfn
This particular type of design has a unitary typology and a highly standardized character. It does not contain goods that had been accumulated over years, but only sets of certain objects.Шаблон:Sfn Also, they have not been found in the context of settlements but outside them, on carefully prepared deposits.Шаблон:Sfn These objects had not been temporarily concealed or hidden, because of some exposure to dangerous situations, but they were rather supposed to preserve the symbolic attributes of the social status in the afterlife.Шаблон:Sfn
Several Dacian bracelets reached the collections of the Kunsthistorisches Vienna Museum through various channels: administrative, auctions, purchases, and donations. Though they were found in Transylvania, and belong to the similar archaeological context of the other Dacian silver treasures, they are rather accidental discoveries from the west and south of the Transylvanian plateau—both in the areas of the greatest concentration of Dacian culture in the Orăștie and Apuseni Mountains, where precious metal mineral deposits were, and are, to be found.Шаблон:Sfn
Gold multi-spiraled dragon-headed and animal protome bracelets
Gold artifacts in general, and gold bracelets in particular, have been scarce archaeological finds during excavations. An explanation could be that the Romans collected all gold objects by force after conquering Dacia.Шаблон:Cn Numerous researchers, including Rustoiu, argued the existence of a royal monopoly of the gold and silver exploitation in Dacia;Шаблон:Sfn and that after the Roman conquest, this monopoly passed to the Roman Emperor.Шаблон:Sfn
Description
These gold bracelets, adorned with leaves and snake heads, weigh around 2.2 pounds (1 kilogram) each.Шаблон:Sfn There are remarkable analogies between the gold armlets and those made of silver from Coada Malului (Prahova County), Senereuș (Hunedoara County), Orăștie (Hunedoara County) and Herăstrău-București.Шаблон:Sfn Most of them exhibit similar design and artistic themes, but there are no two identical bracelets.Шаблон:Sfn The decorations on these bracelets is similar to the style of the ring from Magura (Teleorman County).Шаблон:Sfn
One such bracelet recovered in 2007 has both terminals depicting a stylized animal head, which represents a snake with a long muzzle, and is decorated with arched lines. The rectangular plaque's surface is decorated with transverse rows of arched incisions, grouped in four and a half metopes. The body is composed of seven palmettes, consisting of a fir tree-shape, and a dotted line in the middle, while the terminals oppose each other.Шаблон:Sfn
The number of spirals varies from six to eight. When uncoiled, some bracelets measure 2.30 m and others 2.80 m. The outside diameters range from 91 to 123 mm. The spirals consist of flat rectangular strips with richly incised decorations and stylized palmettes. In most of them, seven palmettes decorate both ends of the bracelets.Шаблон:CN The bracelets terminate with a decorative protoma, a beast-head motif which looks like the head of an animal (a wolf, a snake or a dog).Шаблон:Sfn The goldsmith technique, used for manufacturing all of these gold armlets, was the cold hammering of a rectangular-shaped gold ingot, followed by punching and engraving for their decorations. This was a typical method used by Dacians from the 4th century BC to 1st century AD.Шаблон:CN
A bracelet recovered in 2009 has ten spirals. The terminals depict a stylized snake protome. The long muzzle is straight cut and the eyes and eyebrows are represented by curved lines. The head continues onto a rectangular plaque of 3.4 cm in length whose relief edges are decorated with incised oblique lines in a "V" shape, separated by a medial line. This is followed by a series of six triangular-oval palmettes, made by three puncheons, and with a length of 14.3 cm. The first puncheon made the first two palmettes, the second made the next two palmettes, and the third was used for the last—which is also the smallest palmette. The palmettes have a foliage design and their edges are raised and decorated with small incised oblique lines.Шаблон:Sfn
Context
Some two dozen of the gold multi-spiral zoomorphic-headed bracelets were discovered by archaeological looting in different spots in the area of Sarmisegetusa Regia, in the Orăștie Mountains.Шаблон:CN By 2011, twelve out of the twenty-four looted gold bracelets had been recovered and are housed at the Romanian National History Museum in Bucharest.Шаблон:Sfn
An archaeological context has been reconstituted on the basis of a forensic science approach, technical description, and archaeological interpretation. The multi-spiral bracelets had been uncovered from pits near to the "Sacred area" of the Dacian capital at Sarmizegetusa Regia (Hunedoara County), around 600 m from the sacred enclosure. The pits are located on the steep rocky slopes outside the ancient settlements, in a narrow valley.Шаблон:Sfn The bracelets site is located on a very steep and rocky area that involves a difficult climb and hinders "classical" archaeological approaches and research.Шаблон:Sfn
The treasure hunters discovered a spot where they found ten golden bracelets in a pit dug into natural rock on a 70° slope.Шаблон:Sfn The pit had two distinct overlapped cavities of triangular shape made of slabs, one containing six gold multi-spiral bracelets and the other four, that had each been deposited in pairs; the smaller bracelets were inserted into the larger ones.Шаблон:Sfn The finding of bracelets on such steep sloping cliffs, and at the outer limits (eastern) of the settlements, provides a new perspective regarding the ancient sites used for depositing artifacts with special religious significance.Шаблон:Sfn These deposits are composed of the same type of ornaments that have identical function and significance.Шаблон:Sfn
The general circumstances of the placement of these bracelets, deposited by the ancient populous, in these specially constructed pits and covered with uncut slabs imply that these artifacts were components of votive offerings.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It seems as if these bracelets were used during initiations, or occult ceremonies, restricted to a certain category of people that had very important positions in the state: the king; the leaders of cities; the nobles from the royal entourage; and the priests.Шаблон:Sfn This explains the existence of similar pieces made of silver for the leading nobles and rulers of the cities, and the lack of similar specimens made of bronze, iron or other metals. It also explains why these types of bracelet do not appear in written sources, nor the figurative representations of the time.Шаблон:Sfn
Chronology and authentication
Based on typological analogy and stylistic analysis, historians believe that these bracelets are authentic Dacian artifacts.Шаблон:Sfn Some chronological evidence is provided by dark blotches that indicate a long period of time underground, and also by the ancient coins that were found along with bracelets. These coins point to the late 2nd century BC and the first decades of the 1st century BC. It appears that the bracelets were buried, if not necessarily crafted, during a time frame between 100 – 70 BC.Шаблон:Sfn
The chronology of these bracelets corresponds to the emergence of the building of religious sanctuaries, digging and arranging pits with a religious purpose where deposits of offerings to the chthonian gods had been made.Шаблон:Sfn
In 2007 a compositional analysis of these gold objects was performed using a non-destructive method, particle-induced X-ray emission (micro-PIXE measurements) and synchrotron X-Ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) analysis.Шаблон:Sfn More studies were performed in 2008 and 2009 by a team consisting of members from the National Institute for Nuclear Physics and Engineering, Romania, the National History Museum of Romania, and the BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Germany. Researchers compared the gold composition, examining the trace platinum group elements, Tin, Tellurium, Antimony, Mercury, and Lead and comparing them with the corresponding elements of natural gold from Transylvania. This was done since these trace-elements are more significant for provenancing archaeological metallic-artifacts than the main element components.Шаблон:Sfn For these studies, several small fragments of natural Transylvanian gold – placer and primary – were analyzed using: the micro-PIXE technique at the Legnaro National Laboratory AN2000 micro-beam facility, Italy, and at the AGLAE accelerator, C2RMF, Paris, France; and by using micro-synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (micro-SR-XRF) at the BESSY synchrotron, Berlin, Germany.Шаблон:Sfn The studies of the teams concluded that the gold multi-spiral bracelets found between 1999 and 2001 at Sarmizegethusa had been made of native Transylvanian gold and not refined gold.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Because of the adverse conditions surrounding the hoard's discovery, their origins may never be authenticated to the full satisfaction of archaeologists and scientists.Шаблон:Sfn Sceptics suggest that the bracelets could have been produced in modern times from metal obtained by melting ancient gold coins, Dacian coins of the KOSON type or Greek Lysimachus coins; however, the analyses performed so far do not confirm the use of gold from these coins in the bracelets' manufacture.Шаблон:Sfn
It is most likely that no other group of ancient goldwork has been more thoroughly examined by scientists, technologists and scholars in various countries and various institutions than the Dacian gold spirals with dragon terminals found between 1999 and 2001 at Sarmizegethusa. In each case-study, and completely independent from each other, their examinations led to the same conclusion.Шаблон:Sfn
Gallery – Iron Age II (La Tène) Gold bracelets
-
Gold bracelet from Sarmizegetusa Regia – 1st century BC (NMIR Museum Bucharest)
-
Gold bracelet from Sarmizegetusa Regia – 1st century BC (NMIR Museum Bucharest)
-
Gold bracelet from Sarmizegetusa Regia – 1st century BC (NMIR Museum Bucharest)
-
Gold bracelet from Sarmizegetusa Regia – 1st century BC (NMIR Museum Bucharest)
-
Gold bracelet from Sarmizegetusa Regia – 1st century BC (NMIR Museum Bucharest)
-
Gold bracelet from Sarmizegetusa Regia – 1st century BC (NMIR Museum Bucharest)
-
Gold bracelet from Sarmizegetusa Regia – 1st century BC (NMIR Museum Bucharest)
Notes
References
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite conference
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite conference
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite magazine
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
Further reading
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
External links
- Dacian Gold Bracelets, in the Trafficking Culture Encyclopedia
- https://web.archive.org/web/20090131082406/http://ccm.ro/muzeu/podoabe_htm/bracelets.htm
- http://www.artline.ro/1_585_Dacian_gold_bracelets_at_the_National_Museum_of_History_in_Bucharest_11510.html
Gallery / External links to bracelets and other ornaments mentioned in the article
- Thracian bracelet snake-shaped
- An example of Persian bracelet from Susa, Iran, gold, with lions' heads
- Spiral snake-headed ring from Magura Teleorman County
- Helmet from Agighiol Tulcea County
- Dacian bracelet -Hellenistic (Dacia), 3rd century BC
Dacians' bracelets
- Dacian ox-headed bracelet found in the 19th century at Targu Mures (Transylvania) Romania repository National Museum, Budapest, Hungary
- Multi-spirals bracelet Bronze Age
- Bracelet from Boarta (Sibiu County)
- Fragment of Dacian multi-spirals snake-headed and palmettes bracelet found at Rociu – Argeș County (dated to La Tene) Repository Pitești Museum of Argeș County
- Dacian silver multi-spiral snake-headed and palmettes found at Rociu- Argeș County (dated to La Tene) Repository Pitești Museum of Argeș County
- Dacian silver multi-spiral snake-headed and palmettes bracelet from Balanesti-Maruntei (Olt County) (dated to La Tene) Repository Pitești Museum of Argeș County
- Dacian silver multi-spiral snake-headed and palmettes bracelet from Coada Malului-Magurele (Prahova County)
- Silver bracelet (animal figurine) 1st century BC found at Banita repository Deva Museum Romania
- Multi-spirals silver snake-headed and palmettes bracelet from Orastie, Romania, Diameter 10 cm, weight 536.19 g at Kunsthistorisches Museum, Antikensammlung, Vienna, Austria
- Herastrau bracelet
- ↑
- For the various functions of bracelets with Dacians see Шаблон:Harvp
- For the high rank insignia, see Шаблон:Harvp
- For the bracelets used as ornaments, see Шаблон:Harvp
- For the votive offerings see Шаблон:Harvp
- For the bracelet-currency see Шаблон:Harvp
- For the North Thracians see Шаблон:Harvp
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
.JPG){kind=link}
