Английская Википедия:Dagur language
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language
The Dagur, Daghur, Dahur, or Daur language, is a Mongolic language, as well as a distinct branch of the Mongolic language family,[1] and is primarily spoken by members of the Dagur ethnic group.
There is no written standard in use, although a Pinyin-based orthography has been devised; instead the Dagur make use of Mongolian or Chinese, as most speakers know these languages as well.[2] During the time of the Qing dynasty, Dagur was written with the Manchu alphabet.[3]
Distribution
Dagur is a Mongolic language consisting of five dialects:[4]
- Amur Dagur in the vicinity of Heihe (original homeland). About 400 people.
- Nonni Dagur on the west side of the Nonni River from south of Qiqihar up to Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner. Speakers of Nonni Dagur are usually grouped into the following 4 dialects:
- Morin Daba Dagur, in Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner (Moli Daba) of Hulun Buir League, Inner Mongolia
- Butha (Buteha) (Northern)[5] Dagur, immediately south of Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner
- Tsitsikar (Southern)[5] Dagur, in Tsitsikar (Qiqihar) City and surrounding areas
- Mergen Dagur or Nenjiang Dagur, in Nenjiang County (formerly Mergen County) of Heilongjiang Province
- Hailar Dagur to the south-east of Hailar in Ewenki Autonomous Banner
- Sinkiang Dagur in Xinjiang in the vicinity of Tacheng
Phonology
Dagur phonology is peculiar in that some of its dialects have developed a set of labialized consonants (e.g. Шаблон:IPA 'flea' vs. Шаблон:IPA 'moon'),[6] while it shares palatalized consonants[7] with most Mongolian dialects that have not been developed in the other Mongolic languages. It also has Шаблон:IPA, which is, however, limited to loan words.[8] Word-final short vowels were lost[9] and historically short vowels in non-initial syllables have lost phoneme status.[10] Dagur is the only Mongolic language to share this development with Mongolian (i.e. Mongolian proper, Oirat, Buryat). Due to the merger of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA with Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, vowel harmony was lost.[11] According to Tsumagari (2003), vowel harmony is still a productive synchronic phonotactic aspect of Dagur in which initial syllable long vowels are divided into "masculine" (back), "feminine" (front), and neutral groups. Likewise, suffixal long vowels must agree in harmonic group with the root.
Vowels
Dagur vowels (Chuluu 1994) Front Central Back short long short long short long Close Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Mid Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Open Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
Consonants
Writing system
Grammar
Dagur has a pronominal system that distinguishes between first person plural inclusive Шаблон:IPA and exclusive Шаблон:IPA and, even more archaic, it distinguishes between third person singular Шаблон:IPA and plural Шаблон:IPA.[12] While the phoneme Шаблон:IPA (< Шаблон:IPA) has been retained, the second person singular pronoun has become Шаблон:IPA nevertheless,[13] resembling a more thorough sound change in Khorchin Mongolian. The second person plural is retained as Шаблон:IPA.[13] The genitive and accusative have fused in some variants, becoming –ji, and the ablative may assume the form of the instrumental case. The old comitative has been lost, while the innovated comitative is the same as in Mongolian.[14] In addition, several other cases have been innovated that are not shared by Mongolian, including a new allative, -maji.[15]
Dagur has a fairly simple tense-aspect system consisting of the nonpast markers -Шаблон:IPA and (marginally) -Шаблон:IPA and the past forms -Шаблон:IPA and (marginally) Шаблон:IPA and the non-finite imperfective marker -Шаблон:IPA-. These may be inflected for person. The attributive particle forms are limited to –Шаблон:IPA (< Written Mongolian -γ-a) for imperfective aspect and future tense, -sən (< -γsan) for perfective aspect, -Шаблон:IPA (< -gči) for habituality (instead of -daγ which used to fulfil this function) and -Шаблон:IPA for potential and probable actions. It has acquired a highly complex converbal system containing several innovations. Notably, -mar which is a participle in Mongolian serves as a converb as well.[16]
Grammatical case suffix table
| Case | Marker | Note | Example | Meaning (Chinese and Cyrillic) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genitive | -ei | Added to words ending in a consonant (except j, q, x) | biteg + ei → bitegei | битегей
书的 |
| heleg + ei → helegei | хелегей
肝的 | |||
| adus + ei → adusei | адусей
牲口的 | |||
| aol + ei → aolei | аолэй
山的 | |||
| -ii | Added to words ending in j, q, x | kaiq + ii → kaiqii | кайчий
书的 | |
| orj + ii → orjii | оржий
肝的 | |||
| tulx + ii → tulxii | тульший
牲口的 | |||
| -i | Added to words ending in a short vowel | mori + i → morii | морий
马的 | |
| nowu + i → nowui | новуй
狗的 | |||
| danga + i → dangai | дангай
烟的 | |||
| -yi | Appended to words ending in long vowels and diphthongs | akaa + yi → akaayi | акааий
哥哥的 | |
| kasoo + yi → kasooyi | касооий
铁的 | |||
| dao + yi → daoyi | даоий
歌的 | |||
| Locative | -d | Added to the stem (if ending in a consonant d, t, k, s, j, q, x add an appropriate vowel before -d) | xiree + d → xireed | ширээд
于桌子 |
| horwu + d → horwud | хорвуд
于柜子 | |||
| tos + d → tosod | тосод
于油 | |||
| Accusative | Same as genitive case | |||
| Sociative | -aar, -eer, -oor | Added to words ending in consonants (except j, q, x) according to vowel harmony | sarp + aar → sarpaar | сарпаар
用筷子 |
| lek + eer → lekeer | лэкээр
用磨石 | |||
| topoor + oor → topooroor | топоор用斧子 | |||
| -ier | Added to words ending in j, q, x | onq + ier → onqier | онкиэр用刀子 | |
| orj + ier → orjier | оржиэр
用奶嘴 | |||
| -ar, -er, -or | Added according to vowel harmony to words ending in short vowels | danga + ar → dangaar | дангаар
用烟 | |
| gali + er → galier | галиэр
用火 | |||
| mori + er → morier | мориэр
用马 | |||
| nowu + or → nowuor | новуор
用狗 | |||
| -yaar, -yeer | Added according to vowel harmony to words ending in long vowels and diphthongs | qoloo + yaar → qolooyaar | чолоояар
用铁 | |
| kasoo + yaar → kasooyaar | касоояар
用奶嘴 | |||
| Ablative | Same as sociative case | The ablative form is sometimes -aas, -ees, -oos, -ies, -as, -es, -os, -yaas, -yees. | ||
| 和同格 | -tii | Added to the word stem | akaa + tii → akaatii | акаатий
同哥哥一起 |
| ewee + tii → eweetii | эвээтий
同妈妈一起 | |||
| 程度格 | -qaar, -qeer | Added to the word stem according to vowel harmony | soo + qaar → sooqaar | соочаар
到腋下 |
| sak + qaar → sakqaar | сакчаар
到踝骨处 | |||
Personal Reflexive Relationship Suffix Table
| Pronoun | Number | Marker | Example | Meaning (Chinese) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Singular | mini | жакмини
jakmini |
我的东西 |
| хороомини
horoomini |
我的手指头 | |||
| Plural (exclusive) | -maani | себмаани
sebmaani |
我们的老师 | |
| Plural (inclusive) | -naani | себнаани
sebnaani |
咱们的老师 | |
| 2nd | Singular | -xini | васкалшини
waskalxini |
你的衣服 |
| Plural | -taani | гэритаани
geritaani |
你们的房子 | |
| 3rd | Singular | -ini | агини
agini |
我的东西 |
| -yini | экээйини
ekeeyini |
我的手指头 | ||
| Plural | -inaani | этэвуйнаани
eteewuinaani |
他们的祖母 | |
| -yinaani | ачайинаани
aqaayinaani |
他们的父亲 |
Table of Imperative Verb Suffixes
| Pronoun | Number | 希望式 | 命令式 | 推迟式 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Singular | - яа
- yaa |
- гаан, -гээн
gaan, geen | |
| -гаамини
gaamini | ||||
| -гэмини
ġeemini | ||||
| Plural (exclusive) | -гаамани
gaamaani | |||
| -гээмани
geemaani | ||||
| Plural (inclusive) | -гааннаани
gaannaani | |||
| -гээннаани
geennaani | ||||
| 2nd | Singular | -гаание
gaanie |
(word stem) | -гааншини
gaanxini |
| -геение
geenie |
-гээншини
geenxini | |||
| Plural | -гаантие
gaantie |
-ту
tu |
-гаантаани
gaantaani | |
| -геентие
geentie |
-геентаани
geentaani | |||
| 3rd | Singular & Plural | -тгай
tgai |
-гаанини
gaanini | |
| -гээнини
geenini |
Table of Declarative Verb Suffixes
| Time | Suffix | Example | Meaning (Chinese) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present future tense | -bei | идбей
idbei (iden) |
要吃 |
| -n | яобей (Явун)
yaobei (yawun) |
要走 | |
| Past tense | -sen | идсен
idsen |
吃了 |
| Яосен
yaosen |
走了 |
Table of pronouns verb suffix
Present future tensse
| Pronoun | Number | Marker | Example | Meaning (Chinese) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Singular | -wei(-w) | би харивей
Bi hariwei(hariw). |
我回去。 |
| -nbi | би харинби
Bi harinbi. |
我回去。 | ||
| Plural (exclusive) | -waa | баа хариваа
Baa hariwaa. |
我们回去。 | |
| -nbaa | баа харинбаа
Baa harinbaa. |
我们回去。 | ||
| Plural (inclusive) | -wdaa | бид харивдаа
Bid hariwdaa. |
咱们回去。 | |
| -ndaa | бид хариндаа
Bid harindaa. |
咱们回去。 | ||
| 2nd | Singular | -beixi(-bxi) | ши харибейши
Xi haribeixi. |
你回去。 |
| -nxi | ши харинши
Xi harinxi. |
你回去。 | ||
| Plural | -beitaa (-btaa) | таа харибейтаа
Taa haribeitaa (haribtaa). |
你们回去。 | |
| -ntaa | таа харинтаа
Taa harintaa. |
你们回去。 |
Past tense
| Pronoun | Number | Marker | Example | Meaning (Chinese) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Singular | -senbi | би харисенби
Bi harisenbi. |
我回去了。 |
| Plural (exclusive) | -senbaa | баа харисенбаа
Baa harisenbaa. |
我们回去了。 | |
| Plural (inclusive) | -sendaa | баа харисэндаа
Bid harisendaa. |
咱们回去了。 | |
| 2nd | Singular | -senxi | ши харисенши
Xi harisenxi. |
你回去了。 |
| Plural | -sentaa | таа харисентаа
Taa harisentaa. |
你们回去了。 |
Table of adverb suffix
| Suffix | Notes | Example | Meaning (Chinese) |
|---|---|---|---|
| -j | 表示并列 | Ийчиж ужсенби
iiqij ujsenbi. |
我去看了。 |
| -jie (dii) | Indicates that two actions are performed simultaneously | Саожие усвулжьжабей
Saojie (dii) uswuljjabei |
坐着说话着呢。 |
| -aar, -eer, -oor | Indicates that the behavior occurred successively | Гараар ирсэн
Garaar irsen. |
出来了。 |
| Энкуер яосэн
Enkuer yaosen. |
咬着走了。 | ||
| -jii | Signifies the end of the act | Ужьжий яосэн
Ujjii yaosen. |
看完走的。 |
| Иджий яо!
Idjii yao! |
吃完走吧! | ||
| -n ...-n | Indicates behaviors that occur together | Гуйн кариен яосэн
Guin karien yaosen. |
连蹦带跳地走了。 |
| -mkii,-mklii | Indicates that the behavior occurs immediately | Мадемький (мэдемький) ичсэн
Medemkii(medemklii) iqsen. |
一知道就去了。 |
| -mder | Indicates that the behavior occurs immediately | Медемдерь (меднмкьлий) ичсэн
Medemder (medemklii) iqsen. |
一知道就去了。 |
| -wueter | Indicates readiness | Елвуетерь медсен
Elwueter medsen. |
一说就知道了。 |
| -aajaar, -eejeer (-eejaar), -oojaar | Indicates simultaneous act | Бариежаараа алдсэнх
Bariejaaraa aldsen. |
抓着抓着放掉了。 |
| -rsaar, rseer | Indicates continuation and recurrence of behavior | Элерсеерь араан
Elerseer araan bolsen. |
说了多少遍才成了。 |
| -aas, -ees, -oos | Express the condition of the behavior | Элеесшини укубей
Eleesxini ukubei. |
如果你说了会给的。 |
| -tgai q | Indicates concessive act | Учийкэн аатгай чукаатий.
Uqiiken aatgai qukaatii. |
虽小但有智。 |
| -worg, -wuar | Indicates the act to follow | Хийвуерь тортсен
Hiiwuer tortsen. |
决定做了。 |
| -gaanie, -geenie | Expresses purpose | Уйгеени игсен
Uigeenie igsen. |
去看去了。 |
| -tel | Indicates behavioral boundaries | Яотельмини аасен
Yaotelmini aasen. |
直到我走还在。 |
| -tlaa(-tlaanie), tlee(-tleenie) | Expresses choice | Элтлеение хиисехдь уль денген.
Eltleenie hiisehd ul dengen. |
说倒不如去做。 |
| -maak(-maaken), meek(-meken) | Indicates the proximity and proximity of behavior | Ванамаак (ванамаакен)
Wanamaak (wanamaaken) bolsen. |
快要倒。 |
Table of personal pronouns
| 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| exclusive | inclusive | ||||||
| Nominative | бий
bii |
биэде
biede |
баа
baa |
ший
šii |
таа
taa |
инг
ing |
аанг
aang |
| Genitive | миний
minii |
биэдний
biednii |
мааний
(maanii) |
шиний
šinii |
тааний
taanii |
иний
inii |
ааний
aanii |
| Dative | намд
namd |
биэдендэ
biedende |
маандэ
maande |
шамд
šamd |
таандэ
taande |
я́мд
yamd (ind) |
аандэ
aande |
| Accusative | намий
namii |
биэдний
biednii |
мааний
(maanii) |
шамий
šamii |
Тааний
Taanii |
я́мий
yamii |
ааний
aanii |
| Ablative | намаасэ
namaase |
биэденаас
biedenaas |
маанаас
maanaas |
шамаасэ
šamaase |
Таанаас
taanaas |
я́маас
yamaas |
аанаас
aanaas |
| Instrumental | намаарэ
namaare |
биэдэнаар
biedenaar |
маанаар
maanaar |
шамаарэ
šamaare |
таанаар
taanaar |
я́маар
yamaar |
аанаар
aanaar |
| Comitative | намтий
namtii |
биэдентий
biedentii |
маантий
maantii |
шамтий
šamtii |
таантий
taantii |
я́мтий
yamtii |
аантий
aantii |
Lexicon
It is estimated that out of Dagur's entire language vocabulary, over half is Mongolic in origin.[20] Additionally, while Dagur has over 50% common Mongolic vocabulary, it has borrowed 5[21] to 10% of its words from Chinese, as well as 10% of its words from Manchu, and a small number vocabulary borrowed from Evenki[22] and Russian – leaving about 20% vocabulary that is specific to Dagur only.[23]
Middle Mongol words
Dagur retains quite a few archaic Mongolic words, and although they are not commonly found in the modern Mongolic languages, they do appear in Middle Mongol sources, like the Hua-Yi yiyu and the ‘Secret History’. These words include:[24]
- Шаблон:Transliteration (тэргул ~ тервул) ‘road’ (in Mongol *jam)
- Шаблон:Transliteration (нажийр) ‘summer’ (Mongol *jun)
- Шаблон:Transliteration (хэкый) ‘head’ (Mongol *tologai)
- Шаблон:Transliteration (сорбый) ‘staff’ (Mongol *tayag)
- Шаблон:Transliteration (касоо) ‘iron’
- Шаблон:Transliteration (саур) ‘spade’
- Шаблон:Transliteration (огв) ‘brain’
- Шаблон:Transliteration (басерть) ‘kidney’
- Шаблон:Transliteration (твалциг) ‘knee’
- Шаблон:Transliteration (катаа) ‘salt’
- Шаблон:Transliteration (варкэль) ‘clothes’
- Шаблон:Transliteration (эл-) ‘to say’ (cf. Mongol *kele-)
Numerals
All basic numerals are of Mongolic origin.
| English | Classical Mongolian | Dagur (Hailar) | Dagur (Qiqihar) | IPA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | One | Nigen | Нэкэн Neken |
Neke | nəkən |
| 2 | Two | Qoyar | Хойир Hoir |
Hoyir | hɔir |
| 3 | Three | Ghurban | Гуарбан Guarban |
Guarbe | guarban |
| 4 | Four | Dorben | Дурубун Durbun |
Durbu | durubun |
| 5 | Five | Tabun | Таавун Taawun |
Taawu | taːwun |
| 6 | Six | Jirghughan | Жиргөө Jirwoo |
Jirgoo | d͡ʒirwɔː |
| 7 | Seven | Dologhan | Долөөн Doloon |
Doloo | dɔlɔːn |
| 8 | Eight | Naiman | Найман Naiman |
Naime | naiman |
| 9 | Nine | Yisun | Йсэн Isen |
Yise | isən |
| 10 | Ten | Arban | Харбан Harban |
Harbe | harban |
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Citation
- Engkebatu (2001): Cing ulus-un üy-e-dü dagur kele-ber bicigdegsen jokiyal-ud-un sudulul. Kökeqota: Öbür monggol-un yeke surgaguli-yin keblel-ün qoriy-a.
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Sengge (2004): Daγur kele. In: Oyunčimeg 2004: 616-617.
- Sengge (2004a): Daγur kelen-ü abiy-a. In: Oyunčimeg 2004: 618.
- Sengge (2004b): Daγur kelen-ü üges. In: Oyunčimeg 2004: 619.
- Sengge (2004c): Daγur kelen-ü kele ǰüi. In: Oyunčimeg 2004: 618-622.
- Tsumagari, Toshiro (2003): Dagur. In: Janhunen, Juha (ed.) (2003): The Mongolic languages. London: Routledge: 129-153.
- Yu, Wonsoo, Jae-il Kwon, Moon-Jeong Choi, Yong-kwon Shin, Borjigin Bayarmend, Luvsandorj[in] Bold (2008): A study of the Tacheng dialect of the Dagur language. Seoul: Seoul National University Press
External links
Шаблон:Languages of China Шаблон:Mongolic languages
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Tsumagari 2003: 129
- ↑ Engkebatu 2001
- ↑ Tsumagari 2003: 129, Sengge 2004: 616
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Chuluu 1994: 5, but for example not the Tacheng dialect, see Yu et al. 2008: 25-26
- ↑ Sengge 2004a, Tsumagari 2003: 133
- ↑ Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 66-67, cp. Tsumagari 2003: 131
- ↑ Tsumagari 2003: 131
- ↑ cp. Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 84
- ↑ Tsumagari 2003: 131 basically in agreement with Sengge 2004a; in contrast, Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 37 give a pretty standard Mongolian vowel harmony system with the pharyngeal vowels Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA contrasting with the non-pharyngeal vowels Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, while Шаблон:IPA is neutral.
- ↑ Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 211-126, cp. Tsumagari 2003: 141
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 Sengge 2004c: 621
- ↑ Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 110-121, Sengge 619-620
- ↑ Sengge 2004c: 620
- ↑ Tsumagari 2003: 144-148 supplemented with Sengge 2004c. The exact form of the plosive in -Шаблон:IPA is unclear as these two sources and Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983 give different phones.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Tsumagari 2003: 141
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Sengge 2004b
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Tsumagari 2003: 151-152
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
