Английская Википедия:Dalby Gospel Book
The Dalby Gospel Book (Шаблон:Lang-da, Шаблон:Lang-sv, Copenhagen GkS 1325 4°) is an 11th-century gospel book currently in the Royal Library of Denmark in Copenhagen. The illuminated manuscript derives its name from Dalby Church in Sweden, where the gospel book was used. During the Middle Ages, Dalby was part of Denmark. It is not known with certainty where the book was made; several researchers have suggested it was made in Dalby, while others point to present-day Germany as a probable place of origin. The manuscript is the earliest testimony of the presence of books and a culture of literacy in Denmark. The book contains four full-page miniatures with portraits of the Four Evangelists, 16 canon tables and a number of simple, red enlarged initials. Its gilt silver and copper binding is from the middle of the 12th century.
History
The gospel book has been dated to the second half of the 11th century on palaeographic grounds.Шаблон:Sfn It contains notes made in the 14th and 15th century that clearly indicate that the book was in use in Dalby Church and its priory at that time.Шаблон:Sfn
It is not known with certainty where the book was made. Several researchers have suggested it was made in Dalby, in a scriptorium belonging to the priory connected to the church.Шаблон:Sfn Others have been more cautious about ascribing the manuscript to a Danish scriptorium.Шаблон:Sfn England, or perhaps more probably northern Germany, have also been proposed as places of origin.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Elements in the manuscript possibly indicating a Danish origin is what several researchers have called a "provincial" execution (i.e., the illuminations are of comparably lower quality than others from e.g. Germany), a mix of stylistic influences from England and Germany believed to have been conceived in Denmark, and possible influences from Viking art and early Christian bronze crosses from Scania.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On the other hand, certain characteristics indicate that it was perhaps not made in Denmark. The pericope list in the manuscript is clearly based on a model from the Diocese of Hamburg–Bremen, and even more precisely, its origin has been suggested to be that of Ramelsloh.Шаблон:Sfn Insular art influenced also German book illumination, and furthermore there is no consensus that any elements in the manuscript are clearly influenced by English art.Шаблон:Sfn What some researchers have identified as poor quality may also be explained as unfinished, rather than poor, workmanship; the illumination of the manuscript may have been aborted beforehand for some reason.Шаблон:Sfn
Dalby was a bishopric for a short period (1060–1066), and it is known that the first bishop Egino was accompanied by a literate entourage from Hamburg–Bremen. Furthermore, there was space at Dalby for a scriptorium. It cannot be ruled out, therefore, that a scriptorium was established quickly in Dalby and the book produced there. However, it is equally possible that the bishop simply brought the book with him to Germany.Шаблон:Sfn If it was made in Denmark, it would make it the oldest book made not only in Denmark but in all the Nordic countries, and its decoration would be the oldest painted pictures from Christian time in the Nordic countries.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn[1] Regardless of its origins, it remains the earliest known testimony of the presence of books and a culture of literacy in Denmark.Шаблон:Sfn Dalby Gospel Book is part of the collections of the Royal Library of Denmark.Шаблон:Sfn
Description
The Dalby Gospel Book has been described as one of the foremost treasures of the Royal Library of Denmark.Шаблон:Sfn It consists of 285 leaves of parchment made from sheep and calf hide (vellum).Шаблон:Sfn Its dimensions are Шаблон:Convert by Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn The text is written with clear Carolingian minuscules.Шаблон:Sfn It contains four full-page miniatures with portraits of the Four Evangelists, executed in a style similar to contemporary illuminated books from Hamburg–Bremen.Шаблон:Sfn They are depicted seated, with their symbols; John the Evangelist is depicted with a beard and the others clean shaven. Each one is holding a pen, and is engaged in writing the initial letter of their respective version of the gospel.Шаблон:Sfn The page containing the depiction of Luke has been partially spoiled by parts of a recipe for an incantation written by a monk during the 15th century.Шаблон:Sfn In addition to these miniatures, there are also 16 canon tables and a number of simple, red enlarged initials.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Swedish art historian Шаблон:Ill argued that the illuminations in the Dalby Gospel Book influenced later medieval book production in Lund.Шаблон:Sfn
The richly decorated binding consists of wooden boards covered with metal. The front cover is of engraved gilt silver with a depiction of Christ, triumphantly standing on a dragon and flanked by seraphim and cherubim. Christ is holding the Book of Life and a staff with a cross. A bearded face in the lower left corner is probably a donor portrait of the unknown patron of the book.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The back cover is made of gilt copper, and depicts the crucifixion, with Mary and John the Evangelist under symbols for the Moon and the Sun.Шаблон:Sfn In earlier research it was assumed that the binding had been assembled from pieces of different origin.Шаблон:Sfn More recently art historian Thomas Rydén has argued that the entire binding was in fact made at a single time and for the manuscript, since some decorative elements recur on both the front and the back.Шаблон:Sfn It probably replaced an earlier binding sometime during the middle of the 12th century.Шаблон:Sfn
See also
References
Works cited
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
