Английская Википедия:Damdami Taksal

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

The Damdamī Ṭaksāl, also sometimes referred to as Giani Samparda, Jatha Bhindra(n), or Sampardai Bhindra(n) is an orthodox Sikh cultural and educational organization, based in India. They are known for their teachings of vidya as well as gurbani santhya. Its headquarters are located in the town of Mehta Chowk, approximately 40 km north of the city of Amritsar. It has been described as a seminary or “moving university” of the Sikh countryside.

History

In 1706, after the Battle of Muktsar, the army of Guru Gobind Singh camped at Sabo Ki Talwandi. This acted as a damdamā, or halting place (lit. "breathing place"), and is now the site of Takht Sri Damdamā Sahib. That year, Guru Gobind Singh is said to have founded a distinguished school of exegesis, later headed up by Baba Deep Singh. Damdamā Sahib was considered to be the highest seat of learning for the Sikhs during the 18th century, and Damdami Taksal claims direct historical ties to Guru Gobind Singh, who entrusted it with the responsibility of teaching the reading (santhyā), analysis (vichār) and recitation of the Sikh scriptures, and Baba Deep Singh. The word ṭaksāl (lit. 'mint') refers to an education institute; which is a community of students who associate themselves with a particular sant (lit. spiritual leader or saint).

The main center of the present-day Damdami Taksal (Jatha Bhindran-Mehta) is located at Gurdwārā Gurdarshan Parkāsh in Mehta, Amritsar. It is actually a branch of a major school of traditional Sikh learning known as the Bhindrāṅ Ṭaksāl which is based Mehta. Although, this Taksal was established in 1906 by Sundar Singh (1883-1930) of Boparai Kalan in Ludhiana. It achieved prominence through its second incumbent, Gurbachan Singh Khalsa (1902-1969) of Bhindran Kalan, hence its name. He devoted his entire life to teaching the enunciation and intonation in reciting the Sikh scriptures. He trained a large number of gianīs, traditional Sikh scholars, through his mobile seminary. When he died in 1969 he was succeeded by two contenders, Giani Mohan Singh (1919-2020), leading the original Bhindrāṅ Kalāṅ branch in Ludhiana and Kartar Singh Khalsa (1932-1977), leading the Mehtā branch in Amritsar district.

During much of the mid-1900s, Gurbachan Singh Khalsa was a prominent sant teaching a large number of students and remains an influential figure. The influence of Bhindran Taksal is attested by the fact that its alumni include the mukkh granthī (chief reader of Sikh scriptures) at the Golden Temple, jathedārs of various Sikh takhts, and granthīs of major gurdwaras.

The Damdami Taksal also had a history of dispute with the Indian government, as a previous leader, Kartar Singh Khalsa, had been a severe critic of the excesses of Indira Gandhi’s Emergency rule. In 1975, a large event to commemorate the 300th anniversary martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur was attended by Indira Gandhi and Kartar Singh Khalsa. This was the starting point of tensions between Damdami Taksal and the Central Government under Congress. The dispute was about who was the leader and who had the greater authority over the Sikh people, the Guru Granth Sahib or Indira Gandhi.

The Damdami Taksal was first brought to wider national attention by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale during the 1978 Sikh–Nirankari clashes, the Anandpur Resolution, the Dharam Yudh Morcha of 1982, and later the Khalistan movement and insurgency.

Jathedars of Damdami Taksal

			Term		Description
No.	Name	Image	Start	End		Citation(s)
1.	Baba Deep SinghШаблон:Small	Файл:Baba Deep Singh fresco from Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.jpg Fresco of Baba Deep Singh	1706	1757
2.	Baba Gurbaksh Singh	Файл:Fresco of Baba Gurbaksh Singh Nihang from Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.jpg Fresco of Baba Gurbaksh Singh	1757	1761
3.	Bhai Soorat Singh	Файл:Sin foto.svg	1761
4.	Bhai Gurdas SinghШаблон:Efn	Файл:Sin foto.svg
5.	Giani Sant Singh	Файл:Illustration from a lithographed ‘Ramcharitarmanas’ translated by Giani Sant Singh.jpg Lithographed illustration of Giani Sant Singh		1832
6.	Sant Giani Daya Singh	Файл:Sin foto.svg	1832
7.	Sant Giani Bhagwan Singh	Файл:Sin foto.svg
8.	Sant Giani Harnam Singh Bedi	Файл:Sin foto.svg
9.	Sant Bishan Singh Muralewale	Файл:Photograph of Bishan Singh Muralewale, 10th Jathedar of the Damdami Taksal.jpg Photograph of Bishan Singh Muralewale		1907
10.	Sant Sundar Singh Bhindranwale	Файл:Photograph of the Antam Sanskar (funeral) of Sundar Singh Bhindranwale, 11th Jathedar of the Damdami Taksal.jpg Funeral of Sundar Singh Bhindranwale	1907	1930
11.	Sant Gurbachan Singh Bhindranwale	Файл:Sant Gurbachan Singh Bhindranwale reading the Guru Granth Sahib, holding a fly whisk.png Photo of Sant Gurbachan Singh reading the Guru Granth Sahib	1930	1969
12.	Sant Kartar Singh Bhindranwale	Файл:Sant Kartar Singh standing over the dead body of Gurbachan Singh.png Sant Kartar Singh standing over the dead body of Sant Gurbachan Singh during his funeral	1969	1977
13.	Sant Jarnail Singh BhindranwaleШаблон:Small		1977	Present
14.	Baba Thakur Singh Bhindranwale Шаблон:Small	Файл:Sin foto.svg	1984	2004
15.	Sant Baba Harnam Singh	Файл:Harnam Singh Dhumma.jpg Sant Baba Harnam Singh Khalsa	2004	Present

Leadership

During British Colonial rule, Sunder Singh Bhindranwala set about purging diversity in Sikh doctrine, ritual and practice, hoping to have a uniform Sikh community. Part of this strategy was to have a Rehat Maryada i.e. standardised code of conduct .

Sunder Singh was succeeded by Gurbachan Singh Khalsa in 1930, after whom Kartar Singh Bhindranwala continued his work in 1961. Kartar Singh established Gurdwara Gurdarshan Parkash at Mehta, Amritsar. In 1977, after the death of Kartar Singh, Jarnail Singh Bhindranwala became the head of Damdami Taksal.

Thakur Singh Bhindranwala took over his Taksal when Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale was killed in 1984 by the military on Harmander Sahib, referred to as Operation Bluestar. Baba Thakur Singh famously said that Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale was not dead, was the last jathedar, and was in "chardi kala", and was to return soon. It is unclear if he meant that Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale would come again via transmigration.

Файл:Image of Sant Mohan Singh Bhindranwale.png

Mohan Singh and Kartar Singh would both contend for the jathedari (leadership) of the taksal

Succession disputes

After the death of Gurbachan Singh, there was a succession dispute between Giani Mohan Singh and Kartar Singh, the later of whom would later be accepted as the jathedar (leader). Furthermore, after the death of Thakur Singh, the leadership of Taksal as was handed over to Giani Ram Singh Sangrawa by the SGPC in January 2005. Despite this, senior leadership and members of Taksal accepted Harnam Singh Khalsa as the successor. In July 2017, Taksal chief Harnam Singh Khalsa was hailed as the successor to Jarnail Singh Bhindrawala by the SGPC. Giani Ram Singh Sangrawa now heads a breakaway group as "mukh sevadar". Controversy exists over whether or not Baba Harnam Singh or Giani Ram Singh can claim "jathedari" (leadership status), or if the individuals are merely "mukh sevadar" or "mukhi" (the highest legion of servicers).

Beliefs

Файл:Students of the Sikh University, Damdami Taksal, learning Santhiya-Santhya.webp

Students of the Sikh University, Damdami Taksal, learning Santhiya

The Damdami Taksal have their own Sikh Code of Conduct, the Gurmat Rehat Maryada, which differs from the Rehat Maryada published by the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee. Some differences include the reading of Ragmala after Akhand Path. It is well known for prioritizing extreme discipline & strictness within the Sikh Lifestyle.

Vegetarianism

The Damdami Taksal who cite the Guru Granth Sahib advocate a strict lacto-vegetarian diet. Eating meat is not allowed in any form including eggs, fish and gelatine.

Relationship with other sects

Damdami Taksal is somewhat influenced by the Nirmala school of thought as the eleventh leader of Damdami Taksal, Bishan Singh Muralewale, studied under Nirmala Sants such as Pundit Tara Singh and Pundit Sadhu Singh during the late 19th century. Sant Gurbachan Singh Bhandranwale studied the famous Faridkot Teeka authored by Nirmala scholars.

See also

• Khalsa
• Nirmala
• Sects of Sikhism

Further reading

• Giani Jaswant singh Manji Sahib Book ~ Chita Chola

External links

Damdami Taksal – Official Website