Английская Википедия:Danake
The danake or Шаблон:Transl (Greek: Шаблон:Lang) was a small silver coin of the Persian Empire (Old Persian Шаблон:Transl), equivalent to the Greek obol and circulated among the eastern Greeks. Later it was used by the Greeks in other metals.[1] The 2nd-century AD grammarian Julius Pollux gives the name as danikê or danakê or danikon and says that it was a Persian coin,[2] but by Pollux's time this was an anachronism.[3]
The term as used by archaeologists is vague in regard to denomination. A single coin buried with the dead and made of silver or gold is often referred to as a Шаблон:Transl and presumed to be a form of Charon's obol. Numismatists have also found the Шаблон:Transl an elusive coin to identify, speculating that the Greeks used the term loosely for a demonetized coin of foreign origin.[4]
In Persia, the Шаблон:Transl was originally a unit of weight for bulk silver, representing one-eighth of a shekel (1.05 gm).[5] This use of the word became obsolete. In the Hellenistic period and later it designated the silver Attic obol, which originally represented the sixth part of a drachma; in New Persian dâng means "one sixth".[3]
Customary use
Шаблон:Main The Шаблон:Transl is one of the coins that served as the so-called Charon's obol, which was placed on or in a dead person's mouth to pay the ferryman who conveyed souls across the river that divided the world of the living from the world of the dead.[6] Charon's obol is sometimes specifically called a naulum (Greek Шаблон:Lang, "boat fare").[7] The Christian-era lexicographer Hesychius gives "the obol for the dead" as one of the meanings of Шаблон:Lang,[8] and the Suda defines the Шаблон:Transl as a coin traditionally buried with the dead for paying the ferryman to cross the Acheron.[9] In literary sources, the smallness of the denomination was taken as a reminder that death is an equalizer of rich and poor.[10]
Although Charon's obol is usually regarded as Hellenic, archaeology indicates that the rite of placing of a coin in the mouth of the deceased was practiced also during Parthian and even Sasanian times in the region that is present-day Iran. The coin, however, was customarily a drachma.[11] In his entry on the Шаблон:Lang, Hesychius implies that the coin was mentioned by Heracleides of Cyme in his lost work Persica around 350 BC, placing its use (perhaps erroneously) in the Achaemenid period.[12]
Funerary context
Gold Шаблон:Transl are frequently found in graves. In a Thessalian burial of the 4th century BC, a gold Шаблон:Transl had been placed on the lips of a woman, presumed from her religious paraphernalia to be an initiate into the Orphic or Dionysiac mysteries. The coin was stamped with a Gorgon's head.[13]
In archaeological investigations of Greece since the mid-1990s, Шаблон:Transl have tended to be found in cemeteries. At a necropolis at Hephaisteia on Lemnos, exploration of which began in 1995, the many finds in unlooted graves included a gold Шаблон:Transl.[14] In the late 1990s, a cemetery in northwest Greece yielded objects dating from the mid-4th to the early 3rd centuries BC, including oinochoai, unguentaria, a wreath with thin gold leaves (sometimes associated with Orphic religion), a gold Шаблон:Transl, and a silver obol with a winged Pegasus.[15] A gold Шаблон:Translof Geta dating 199–200 A.D. was among objects – including potsherds, animal bones and shells, and bronze coins – retrieved from a well in the center of a cemetery in central Macedonia. The well was surrounded by a paved floor and housed by a stone structure. It is thought that the deposition followed funerary meals and offerings to the dead.[16]
In investigations reported 2004–2005, a single gold Шаблон:Transl was found along with bronze coins and glassware in an Achaian cemetery where both adults and children had been buried in wooden coffins.[17] Graves in Euboia yielded pottery and glassware, small bone tools, iron strigils, and gold jewelry and Шаблон:Transl.[18] In Epiros, graves and funerary chests yielded gold Шаблон:Transl along with kantharoi, lamps, pyxides, figurines, gold rings, gold oak leaves, iron strigils, a bone flute, fragments of funerary stelae and a marble head of a young man. The items dated from the 4th to the 2nd century BC. Excavations at a Hellenistic cemetery in the same area uncovered five gold Шаблон:Transl along with seventeen perfume flasks,[19] twenty-six vessels, a bronze strigil, an iron spearhead, terracotta figurines and a funerary pelike with gorgoneia at the base of the handles.[20]
Later use
The word "Шаблон:Transl" continued in use into the Middle Ages as Arabic Шаблон:Transl, Persian Шаблон:Trans or Шаблон:Transl, and post-classical Sanskrit Шаблон:Transl.[21] The name has been connected to the silver tangka of India, which had the same weight.[22]
See also
References
Шаблон:ReflistШаблон:Achaemenid Empire
- ↑ Albert R. Frey, A Dictionary of Numismatic Names (New York 1917), p. 60; A.D.H. Bivar, "Achaemenid Coins, Weights and Measures", in The Cambridge History of Iran (Cambridge University Press, 1993), vol. 2, p. 635.
- ↑ A. Cunningham, "Relics from Ancient Persia in Gold, Silver, and Copper", Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 50 (1881), p. 167.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 A.D.H. Bivar, "Achaemenid Coins, Weights and Measures", in The Cambridge History of Iran (Cambridge University Press, 1985), vol. 2, p. 622.
- ↑ Ernest Babelon, entry on "Danaké", Traité des monnaies grecques et romaines, vol. 1 (Paris: Leroux, 1901), pp. 514–518 full text online.
- ↑ A.D.H. Bivar, "Achaemenid Coins, Weights and Measures", in The Cambridge History of Iran (Cambridge University Press, 1985), vol. 2, p. 622, citing the evidence of the Persepolis tablets.
- ↑ Albert R. Frey, A Dictionary of Numismatic Names (New York 1917), p. 60.
- ↑ Aristophanes, Frogs 270; Juvenal 8.97; Apuleius, Metamorphoses 6.18; Albert R. Frey, A Dictionary of Numismatic Names (New York 1917), p. 158.
- ↑ Hesychius, entry on Шаблон:Lang, Lexicon, edited by M. Schmidt (Jena 1858–68), I 549, as cited by Gregory Grabka, "Christian Viaticum: A Study of Its Cultural Background", Traditio 9 (1953) p. 8.
- ↑ Entry on Шаблон:Lang, Suidae Lexicon, edited by A. Adler (Leipzig 1931) II 5f., cited by Gregory Grabka, "Christian Viaticum", Traditio 9 (1953) p. 8.
- ↑ Susan T. Stevens, "Charon's Obol and Other Coins in Ancient Funerary Practice," Phoenix 45 (1991), pp. 217, 219–220.
- ↑ A.D.H. Bivar, "Achaemenid Coins, Weights and Measures", in The Cambridge History of Iran (Cambridge University Press, 1985), vol. 2, pp. 622–623, with citations on the archaeological evidence in note 5.
- ↑ A.D.H. Bivar, "Achaemenid Coins, Weights and Measures", in The Cambridge History of Iran (Cambridge University Press, 1985), vol. 2, p. 622. Bivar calls it a "bookman's notion" that Шаблон:Transl was the correct name for the boat fare and blames a misunderstanding of a line in Callimachus.
- ↑ K. Tasntsanoglou and George M. Parássoglou, "Two Gold Lamellae from Thessaly," Hellenica 38 (1987) 3–16. For more on this particular burial, see article Totenpass.
- ↑ David Blackman, "Archaeology in Greece 2001–2002", Archaeological Reports 48 (2001–2002), p. 91.
- ↑ David Blackman, "Archaeology in Greece 1999–2000", Archaeological Reports 46 (1999–2000), p. 67.
- ↑ David Blackman, Archaeological Reports 45 (1998–1999), p. 78, with photograph of coin fig. 93.
- ↑ James Whitley, "Archaeology in Greece 2004–2005", Archaeological Reports 46 (2004–2005), p. 37.
- ↑ James Whitley, "Archaeology in Greece 2004–2005", Archaeological Reports 46 (2004–2005), p. 49.
- ↑ Typical vase shapes for holding perfume oils are the lekythos and alabastron; but see also "Unguentarium."
- ↑ James Whitley, "Archaeology in Greece 2004–2005", Archaeological Reports 46 (2004–2005), p. 64.
- ↑ Albert R. Frey, A Dictionary of Numismatic Names (New York 1917), p. 60.
- ↑ A. Cunningham, "Relics from Ancient Persia in Gold, Silver, and Copper", Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 50 (1881), p. 168.
