Английская Википедия:Danish Defence

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Cleanup Шаблон:Infobox national military

The Danish Armed Forces (Шаблон:Lang-da; Шаблон:Lang-fo; Шаблон:Lang-kl) is the unified armed forces of the Kingdom of Denmark charged with the defence of Denmark and its self-governing territories Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The military also promote Denmark's wider interests, support international peacekeeping efforts and provide humanitarian aid.[1]

Since the creation of a standing military in 1510, the armed forces have seen action in many wars, most involving Sweden, but also involving the world's great powers, including the Thirty Years' War, the Great Northern War, and the Napoleonic Wars.

Today, the armed forces consists of: the Royal Danish Army, Denmark's principal land warfare branch; the Royal Danish Navy, a blue-water navy with a fleet of 20 commissioned ships; and the Royal Danish Air Force, an air force with an operational fleet consisting of both fixed-wing and rotary aircraft. The Defence also includes the Home Guard. Under the Danish Defence Law[2] the Minister of Defence serves as the commander of Danish Defence (through the Chief of Defence and the Defence Command) and the Danish Home Guard (through the Home Guard Command). De facto the Danish Cabinet is the commanding authority of the Defence, though it cannot mobilize the armed forces, for purposes that are not strictly defence oriented, without the consent of parliament.

History

Шаблон:Main

Origins

Файл:Christian IV by Vilhelm Marstrand.png
Christian IV of Denmark on the warship Trefoldigheden during the Battle of Colberger Heide in 1644

The history of the Danish military is deeply intertwined with the nation's geopolitical dynamics and historical events. The modern Danish military, which traces its roots back to the early 16th century, has undergone significant transformations, reflecting changes in Denmark's territorial extent, political landscape, and strategic priorities.

Early History and Territorial Influence (1510 Onwards):

- The foundation of the Royal Danish Navy in 1510 marked the beginning of a formal military structure in Denmark. This period saw the Danish Kingdom as a considerable force in Northern Europe, holding territories like Schleswig-Holstein, Norway, and overseas colonies in Africa and the Americas.

- The military power during this era was essential for protecting these territories and maintaining Denmark's influence in regional affairs.

Second Schleswig War and its Aftermath:

- The Second Schleswig War (1864), in which Denmark suffered defeat, had profound implications on its military and political landscape. This conflict, primarily over the control of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, led to significant territorial losses.

- The war's outcome turned the military into a politically contentious issue, sparking debates on defense strategies and military preparedness.

World War I and Interwar Period:

- During World War I, Denmark successfully maintained its neutrality, supported by a relatively strong military. This period was marked by cautious diplomacy and a focus on defending the nation's sovereignty without direct involvement in the conflict.

- However, the Interwar period saw a shift in government policy towards pacifism. This ideological change resulted in the reduction of the military's size and capabilities, reflecting a broader European trend towards disarmament after the devastation of World War I.

World War II and Organizational Transformation:

- The limited state of the Danish military in 1940 became a significant concern when Denmark faced invasion and subsequent occupation by Nazi Germany. This period highlighted the vulnerabilities and challenges of a small, under-prepared military force.

- Prior to and during World War II, the Danish military operated with distinct branches (army and navy), each with its separate ministry and even air force units. This fragmented structure was not conducive to effective joint operations.

Post-World War II Reforms and Modernization:

- Learning from the experiences of World War II, Denmark undertook a significant reorganization of its military. The branches were unified under the Danish Defence, established to centralize command and improve coordination in joint operations.

- This reorganization marked a critical shift in Denmark's military strategy, focusing on cohesive defense planning and operational synergy between the different military branches.

Contemporary Focus and International Role:

- In the contemporary period, the Danish military plays a vital role in international peacekeeping and NATO operations, reflecting Denmark's commitment to global security and cooperation.

- The modern Danish Defence is a testament to the nation's adaptability and resilience, evolving from its historic roots into a modern, integrated force capable of addressing both national defense needs and international responsibilities.

Overall, the evolution of the Danish military is a reflection of the nation's changing geopolitical circumstances, strategic priorities, and lessons learned from historical conflicts. This transformation has shaped Denmark's approach to defense, emphasizing unity, coordination, and a balance between national interests and international obligations.

Cold War and international engagements

Шаблон:See also Denmark tried to remain neutral after World War II, with the proposed Scandinavian defence union. However, Norway resigned from the talks, and with Cold War tensions on the rise and the 1948 Easter Crisis, Denmark was forced to join the North Atlantic Treaty.[3] During the Cold War, Denmark began to rebuild its military and to prepare for possible attacks by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies. During this time Denmark participated in a number of UN peacekeeping missions including UNEF and UNFICYP.

Following the end of the Cold War, Denmark began a more active foreign policy, deciding to participate in international operations. This began with the participation in the Bosnian War, where the Royal Danish Army served as part of the United Nations Protection Force and were in two skirmishes. This was the first time the Danish Army was a part of a combat operation since World War 2.[4][5] On April 29, 1994, the Royal Danish Army, while on an operation to relieve an observation post as part of the United Nations Protection Force, the Jutland Dragoon Regiment came under artillery fire from the town of Kalesija. The United Nations Protection Force quickly returned fire and eliminated the artillery positions. On October 24, 1994, the Royal Danish Army, while on an operation to reinforce an observation post in the town of Gradačac, were fired upon by a T-55 Bosnian Serb tank. One of the three Danish Leopard 1 tanks experienced slight damage, but all returned fired and put the T-55 tank out of action.

With the September 11 attacks, Denmark joined US forces in the War on terror, participating in both the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War. In Afghanistan, 37 soldiers have been killed in various hostile engagements or as a result of friendly fire, and 6 have been killed in non-combat related incidents, bringing the number of Danish fatalities to 43,[6][7] being the highest loss per capita within the coalition forces.[8] Denmark has since participated in Operation Ocean Shield, the 2011 military intervention in Libya and the American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War.

Purpose and task

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A Danish soldier at Combined Resolve III, 2014

The purpose of the Danish Defence is to prevent conflicts and war, preserve the sovereignty of Denmark, secure the continuing existence and integrity of the independent Kingdom of Denmark and further a peaceful development in the world with respect to human rights. This is defined in Law no. 122 of 27 February 2001 which took effect 1 March 2001.[9]

Its primary tasks are: NATO participation in accordance with the strategy of the alliance, detect and repel any sovereignty violation of Danish territory (including Greenland and the Faroe Islands), defence cooperation with non-NATO members, especially Central and East European countries, international missions in the area of conflict prevention, crisis-control, humanitarian, peacemaking, peacekeeping, participation in Total Defence in cooperation with civilian resources and finally maintenance of a sizable force to execute these tasks at all times.

Total defence

Total Defence (Шаблон:Lang-da) is "the use of all resources in order to maintain an organized and functional society, and to protect the population and values of society".[10] This is achieved by combining the military, Home Guard, Danish Emergency Management Agency and elements of the police.[11] The concept of total defence was created following World War II, where it was clear that the defence of the country could not only rely on the military, but there also need to be other measures to ensure a continuation of society.[10] As a part of the Total Defence, all former conscripts can be recalled to duty, in order to serve in cases of emergency.[12]

Defence budget

Шаблон:See alsoSince 1988, Danish defence budgets and security policy have been set by multi-year white paper agreements supported by a wide parliamentary majority including government and opposition parties.[13] However, public opposition to increases in defence spending—during periods of economic constraints require reduced spending for social welfare — has created differences among the political parties regarding a broadly acceptable level of new defence expenditure.[14]

The latest Defence agreement ("Defence Agreement 2018–23") was signed 28 January 2018, and calls for an increase in spending, cyber security and capabilities to act in international operations and international stabilization efforts.[15] The reaction speed is increased, with an entire brigade on standby readiness; the military retains the capability to continually deploy 2,000 soldiers in international service or 5,000 over a short time span. The standard mandatory conscription is expanded to include 500 more, with some of these having a longer service time, with more focus on national challenges.[15]

Expenditures

In 2006 the Danish military budget was the fifth largest single portion of the Danish Government's total budget, significantly less than that of the Ministry of Social Affairs (≈110 billion DKK), Ministry of Employment (≈67 billion DKK), Ministry of the Interior and Health (≈66 billion DKK) and Ministry of Education (≈30 billion DKK) and only slightly larger than that of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (≈14 billion DKK). This list lists the complete expenditures for the Danish Ministry of Defence.

The Danish Defence Force, counting all branches and all departments, itself has an income equal to about 1–5% of its expenditures, depending on the year. They are not deducted in this listing.

Approximately 95% of the budget goes directly to running the Danish military including the Home guard. Depending on year, 50–53% accounts for payment to personnel, roughly 14–21% on acquiring new material, 2–8% for larger ships, building projects or infrastructure and about 24–27% on other items, including purchasing of goods, renting, maintenance, services and taxes.

The remaining 5% is special expenditures to NATO, branch shared expenditures, special services and civil structures, here in including running the Danish Maritime Safety Administration, Danish Emergency Management Agency and the Administration of Conscientious Objectors (Militærnægteradministrationen Шаблон:Webarchive).

Because Denmark has a small and highly specialized military industry, the vast majority of Danish Defence's equipment is imported from NATO and the Nordic countries.[16]

Danish Defence expenditures (1949–1989)[17][18]

1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s
49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
Total Budget (Billions) Kr. 0.36 0.36 0.48 0.68 0.89 0.89 0.92 0.94 1.01 0.99 0.99 1.11 1.18 1.55 1.65 1.76 1.97 2.08 2.25 2.60 2.64 2.97 3.20 3.39 3.52 4.46 5.36 5.71 6.38 7.29 8.05 9.12 10.30 11.67 12.57 13.05 13.34 13.33 14.65 15.62 15.96
Percentage of GNP 2.0 1.7 2.1 2.7 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.6 2.7 1.6 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.0
Defense Spending % Change -0.3 +0.4 +0.6 +0.7 -0.2 0.0 -0.2 +0.1 -0.2 -0.3 +0.1 -0.9 +1.4 0.0 -0.2 0.0 -0.2 0.0 +0.1 -0.3 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.2 +0.2 +0.2 -0.2 0.0 +0.1 0.0 +0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.1 -0.2 +0.1 +0.1 -0.1

Danish Defence expenditures (1990–)[17][18][19]

1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Total Budget (Billions) Kr. 16.4 17.09 17.13 17.39 17.29 17.47 17.90 18.52 19.07 19.43 19.34 21.02 21.27 21.08 21.44 20.80 23.17 22.73 24.41 23.25 25.33 24.26 25.62 23.72 25.02 22.633 24.190 25.165 20.938 23.516 25.325 26.383 27.1 27.1
Percentage of GNP 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.16 1.17 0.93 1.01 1.14 1.07 1.06 1.05
Defense Spending % Change 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.0. 0.0 -0.1 +0.1 -0.1 0.0. 0.0 -0.2 +0.1 -0.1 +0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.0 -0.2 +0.06 +0.01 -0.24 +0.08 +0.13 -0.07 -0.01 -0.01

Шаблон:- Шаблон:Graph:Chart

Branches

Royal Danish Army

Файл:Jydske Dragonregiment (8108898747).jpg
Leopard 2A5DK main battle tank

Шаблон:Main The Danish Royal Army (Шаблон:Lang-da) consists of 2 brigades, organised into 3 regiments, and a number of support centres, all commanded through the Army Staff. The army is a mixture of Mechanized infantry and Armoured cavalry with a limited capabilities in Armoured warfare.

The army also provides protection for the Danish royal family, in the form of the Royal Guard Company and the Guard Hussar Regiment Mounted Squadron.

Royal Danish Navy

Файл:HDMS Vaedderen (F359).jpg
Vædderen, a Шаблон:Sclass

Шаблон:Main The Royal Danish Navy (Шаблон:Lang-da) consists of frigates, patrol vessels, mine-countermeasure vessels, and other miscellaneous vessels, many of which are issued with the modular mission payload system StanFlex. The navy's chief responsibility is maritime defence and maintaining the sovereignty of Danish, Greenlandic and Faroese territorial waters.

A submarine service existed within the Royal Danish Navy for 95 years.

Royal Danish Air Force

Файл:F16 - RIAT 2014 (14684934212).jpg
A RDAF F-16AM

Шаблон:Main The Royal Danish Air Force (Шаблон:Lang-da) consists of both fixed-wing and rotary aircraft.

Danish Home Guard

Шаблон:Main The Home Guard is voluntary service responsible for defence of the country, but has since 2008 also supported the army, in Afghanistan and Kosovo.

Structure

Special forces

Operations

Файл:Current Danish Deployments.png
Red: national, light blue: UN, dark blue: NATO, green: coalitions
Файл:Danish deployments.jpg
Memorial to Danish overseas military deployments in Kastellet, Copenhagen

Current deployment of Danish forces, per 10-03-2016:[20]

NATO

UN

  • 20 people in Bamako and Gao, as part of MINUSMA.
  • 13 people in Juba, as part of UNMISS.
  • 11 people in Israel, as part of UNTSO.
  • 2 people in South Korea, as part of UNCMAC.

National Missions

Coalitions

Personnel

Women in the military

Файл:First Danish Female Fighter Pilot Lt. Line Bonde with her T-38 Talon at Sheppard AFB, Texas.jpg
Lt. Line Bonde, the first female fighter pilot in the Royal Danish Air Force

Women in the military can be traced back to 1946, with the creation of Lottekorpset. This corps allowed women to serve, however, without entering with the normal armed forces, and they were not allowed to carry weapons. In 1962, women were allowed in the military.[23]

Currently 1,122 or 7.3% of all personnel in the armed forces are women.[24] Women do not have to serve conscription in Denmark, since 1998, it is however possible to serve under conscription-like circumstances; 17% of those serving conscription or conscription-like are women.[25] Between 1991 and 31 December 2017, 1,965 women have been deployed to different international missions.[26] Of those 3 women have lost their lives.[27] In 1998, Police Constable Gitte Larsen was killed in Hebron on the West Bank. In 2003, Overkonstabel Susanne Lauritzen was killed in a traffic accident in Kosovo. In 2010, the first woman was killed in a combat situation, when Konstabel Sophia Bruun was killed by an IED in Afghanistan.[28]

In 2005, Line Bonde became the first female fighter pilot in Denmark.[29] In 2016, Lone Træholt became the first female general.[30] She was the only female general in the Danish armed forces until the army promoted Jette Albinus to the rank of brigadier general on 11 September 2017.[31] In May 2018, the Royal Life Guards was forced to lower the height requirements for women, as the Danish Institute of Human Rights decided it was discrimination.[32]

Conscription

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Vakt, Rosenborgs slott.jpg
A conscript from the Royal Life Guards standing guard at Rosenborg Castle

Technically all Danish 18-year-old males are conscripts (37,897 in 2010, of whom 53% were considered suitable for duty).[33] Due to the large number of volunteers, 96-99% of the number required in the past three years,[34] the number of men actually called up is relatively low (4,200 in 2012). There were additionally 567 female volunteers in 2010, who pass training on "conscript-like" conditions.[35]

Conscripts to Danish Defence (army, navy and air force) generally serve four months,[36][37] except:

There has been a right of conscientious objection since 1917.[41]

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Denmark topics Шаблон:Military of Denmark Шаблон:Military of Europe Шаблон:North Atlantic Treaty Organization Шаблон:Militaries of European Union member states

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 ("Økonomi-styrelsen") (Finance law 1996 to 2006, Danish Agency for Governmental Management)
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 1976–1989, Danmarks Statistik
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ Statistical information from the draft board Шаблон:In lang
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ Ordinary conscript Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang
  36. ↑ Army's basic training Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang
  37. ↑ Air force's basic training Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  39. ↑ Navy's basic training Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang
  40. ↑ Conscription in the Danish Emergency Management Agency Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang
  41. ↑ Alternative service law, 13 December 1917, Article 1
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