Английская Википедия:Danish and Norwegian alphabet
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Broader The Danish and Norwegian alphabets, together called the Dano-Norwegian alphabet, is the set of symbols, forming a variant of the Latin alphabet, used for writing the Danish and Norwegian languages. It has consisted of the following 29 letters since 1917 (Norwegian) and 1948 (Danish):
| Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Æ | Ø | Å |
| Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | æ | ø | å |
The letters Шаблон:Vr, Шаблон:Vr, Шаблон:Vr, Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr are not used in the spelling of indigenous words. They are rarely used in Norwegian, where loan words routinely have their orthography adapted to the native sound system. Conversely, Danish has a greater tendency to preserve loan words' original spellings. In particular, a Шаблон:Vr that represents Шаблон:IPA is almost never normalized to Шаблон:Vr in Danish, as would most often happen in Norwegian. Many words originally derived from Latin roots retain Шаблон:Vr in their Danish spelling, for example Norwegian Шаблон:Lang vs Danish Шаблон:Lang.
The "foreign" letters also sometimes appear in the spelling of otherwise-indigenous family names. For example, many of the Danish families that use the surname Шаблон:Lang (meaning 'forest') spell it Шаблон:Lang.
The difference between the Dano-Norwegian and the Swedish alphabet is that Swedish uses the variant Шаблон:Vr instead of Шаблон:Vr, and the variant Шаблон:Vr instead of Шаблон:Vr, similarly to German. Also, the collating order for these three letters is different in Swedish: Å, Ä, Ö. Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr are sorted together in all Scandinavian languages, as well as Finnish, and so are Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr.
Letters and their names
The below pronunciations of the names of the letters do not necessarily represent how the letters are used to represent sounds. The list includes the number of each letter when following official ordering.
Ordering
Danish
When sorting in alphabetical order in Danish, the numbers provided in the list above is used. Some peculiarities exist, however.
- The digraph Шаблон:Vr is sorted as if it was Шаблон:Vr if it represents one vowel sound. This means it is sorted like two adjacent cases of Шаблон:Vr when it represents two syllables, e.g. as a result of a compound (e.g. Шаблон:Lang 'air conditioner'). It does not matter which vowel sound is represented, meaning that words like Шаблон:Lang 'Afrikaans' and Шаблон:Lang 'Canaanite' should be sorted as if they have an Шаблон:Vr despite not containing any sounds commonly represented by Шаблон:Vr. If two entries contain the exact same letters except Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr, the form with Шаблон:Vr comes first.
- If two entries only differ in capitalization, but otherwise contain the exact same letters, the word with capitalization comes first.
- Accents are not taken into account, except when it is the only difference, in which case the form without an accent comes first.
- In foreign proper names, the letters Шаблон:Vr are sorted as Шаблон:Vr respectively. In the case of a Danish vs. non-Danish letter being the only difference in the names, the name with a Danish letter comes first.
- For expressions of multiple words (e.g. Шаблон:Lang), one can choose between ignoring the space or sorting the space, the lack of any letter, first.[1]
Diacritics
Danish
Danish orthography has no compulsory diacritics, but allows the use of an acute accent (Шаблон:Lang) for disambiguation. Most often, an accent on Шаблон:Vr marks a stressed syllable in one of a pair of homographs that have different stresses, for example Шаблон:Lang 'a boy' versus Шаблон:Lang 'one boy', or Шаблон:Lang 'all, every, everyone' versus Шаблон:Lang 'avenue'. Less often, any vowel including Шаблон:Vr (where it is however recommended to avoid diacritics) may be accented to indicate stress on the word, as this can disambiguate the meaning of the sentence or ease the reading otherwise. For example: Шаблон:Lang 'I was standing' versus Шаблон:Lang 'I got out of bed' (i.e. unit accentuation). Alternatively, some of these distinctions can be made using typographical emphasis (italics, underlining). The Шаблон:Lang dictionary explicitly allows the use of further diacritics when quoting names from other languages.[2] This also means that the ring above Шаблон:Vr and the strike through Шаблон:Vr are not regarded as diacritics, as these are separate letters.
Norwegian
Nynorsk uses several letters with diacritic signs: Шаблон:Vr, Шаблон:Vr, Шаблон:Vr, Шаблон:Vr, Шаблон:Vr, Шаблон:Vr, and Шаблон:Vr. The diacritic signs are not compulsory,[3] but can be added to clarify the meaning of words (homonyms) that would otherwise be identical. One example is Шаблон:Lang ("a boy") versus Шаблон:Lang ("one boy"). Loanwords may be spelled with other diacritics, most notably Шаблон:Vr, Шаблон:Vr, Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr,Шаблон:Citation needed following the conventions of the original language. The Norwegian vowels Шаблон:Vr, Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr never take diacritics.
Bokmål is mostly spelled without diacritic signs. The only exception is one word of Norwegian origin, namely Шаблон:Lang, to be distinguished from Шаблон:Lang (see below) as well as any subsequent compound words, eg Шаблон:Lang (coat lining) and Шаблон:Lang (animal feed). There are also a small number of words in Norwegian which use the acute accent. The words are Шаблон:Lang (avenue), Шаблон:Lang (diarrhea), Шаблон:Lang (cafe), Шаблон:Lang (idea), Шаблон:Lang (entrance), Шаблон:Lang (committee), Шаблон:Lang (compartment), Шаблон:Lang (mosque), Шаблон:Lang (supper), Шаблон:Lang (trophy) and Шаблон:Lang (discreet).[3] An acute accent can also be used to differentiate Шаблон:Lang (a) from Шаблон:Lang (one) eg. Шаблон:Lang (one boy) Шаблон:Lang (a boy).
The diacritic signs in use include the acute accent, grave accent and the circumflex. A common example of how the diacritics change the meaning of a word, is Шаблон:Lang:
- Шаблон:Lang (preposition. for or to), Шаблон:IPA-no
- Шаблон:Lang (verb. went, in the sense left), Шаблон:IPA-no
- Шаблон:Lang (noun. furrow, only Nynorsk), Шаблон:IPA-no
- Шаблон:Lang (noun. fodder), Шаблон:IPA-no, the circumflex indicating the elision of the edh from the Norse spelling (Шаблон:Lang → Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Lang → Шаблон:Lang)
- Шаблон:Lang (noun lining, as in a garment)
Also used is the cedille, but only on a Шаблон:Vr in loanwords, when pronounced like Шаблон:Vr.[4]
- Françoise
- provençalsk
- Curaçao
History
The letter Шаблон:Vr (HTML å) was introduced in Norwegian in 1917, replacing Шаблон:Vr. The new letter came from the Swedish alphabet, where it has been in official use since the 16th century.[5] Similarly, the letter Шаблон:Vr was introduced in Danish in 1948, but the final decision on its place in the alphabet was not made. The initial proposal was to place it first, before Шаблон:Vr. Its place as the last letter of the alphabet, as in Norwegian, was decided in 1955.[6] The former digraph Шаблон:Vr still occurs in personal names, and in Danish geographical names. In Norway, geographical names tend to follow the current orthography, meaning that the letter Шаблон:Vr will be used. Family names may not follow modern orthography, and therefore retain the digraph Шаблон:Vr where Шаблон:Vr would be used today. Шаблон:Vr remains in use as a transliteration, if the letter is not available for technical reasons. Шаблон:Vr is treated like Шаблон:Vr in alphabetical sorting, not like two adjacent letters Шаблон:Vr, meaning that while Шаблон:Vr is the first letter of the alphabet, Шаблон:Vr is the last. In Norwegian (but not in Danish), this rule does not apply to non-Scandinavian names, so a modern atlas would list the German city of Aachen under Шаблон:Vr, but list the Danish town of Aabenraa under Шаблон:Vr. In Danish, the Шаблон:Vr rule is applied, as long as it denotes one sound, for example German Aachen or Dutch kraal, but if it denotes 2 sounds like in Шаблон:Lang (extra work), the two Шаблон:Vrs are sorted as two.
In current Danish and Norwegian, Шаблон:Vr is recognized as a separate letter from Шаблон:Vr. In Danish, the transition was made in 1980Шаблон:Citation needed; before that, the Шаблон:Vr was merely considered to be a variation of the letter Шаблон:Vr and words using it were sometimes alphabetized accordingly (e.g., Wandel, Vandstad, Wanscher, Varberg in Dansk Biografisk Leksikon, 1904).[7] The Danish version of the Alphabet song still states that the alphabet has 28 letters; the last line reads Шаблон:Lang ("that makes twenty-eight"). However, today, the letter Шаблон:Vr is considered an official letter.
Computing standards
In computing, several different coding standards have existed for this alphabet:
- DS 2089 (Danish) and NS 4551-1 (Norwegian), later established in international standard ISO 646
- IBM PC code page 865
- ISO 8859-1
- Unicode
See also
- Danish Braille
- Danish orthography
- Danish phonology
- Futhark, the Germanic runes used formerly
- Icelandic orthography
- Norwegian Braille
- Norwegian orthography
- Norwegian phonology
- Spelling alphabets
- Swedish Braille
- Swedish alphabet
- Swedish orthography
References
External links
Шаблон:Danish language Шаблон:Norwegian language
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Pettersson, Gertrud (1996), Svenska språket under sjuhundra år: en historia om svenskan och dess utforskande, Lund: Studentlitteratur, Шаблон:ISBN. P. 139.
- ↑ Einar Lundeby: "Bolle-å-ens plass i det danske alfabet" [The placing of Å in the Danish alphabet] in Språknytt, 1995/4. http://www.sprakrad.no/Toppmeny/Publikasjoner/Spraaknytt/Arkivet/Spraaknytt_1995/Spraaknytt-1995-4/Bolle-aa-ens_plass_i_det_dans/
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
